Be inspired and see the light approaching quickly from outside and from within.
Message of Hope

If Salvation is deliverance from Hell or Eternal Death, then it is vitally important the reader find out what your beliefs are based upon for your own sake and for the sake of your loved ones. Are you willing to test your understanding of salvation and Hell? Are your church leaders willing to try to answer the questions contained in this book? This may be the most important test you will ever take. These questions were prepared by a conservative Christian who has spent thousands of hours researching this most important subject.

Christians who try to share their faith with unbelievers are confronted with many questions, especially on the subject of Hell and eternal punishment. Many people have a real problem with Orthodox Christianity’s belief that non-Christians will be punished eternally because they are not Christians. This is one of the main reasons many Christians do NOT like to share their faith. They find themselves short of good reasonable answers to questions or statements like these:

“If my daughter is in Hell because she did not get “born again” then I’d rather go to Hell and be with her than to be with your God because there would be more love in Hell than near your vindictive God.”

“How can you say burning someone alive forever is “just” or “fair” for everyone who hasn’t accepted Jesus Christ? Even we humans fit the punishment to the crime. According to you, Christians, people are destined to be burned in Hell whether we are bad or not. Just being born into this world is grounds for being endlessly tortured. You say the punishment is the same regardless of the number of sins committed or how bad they were. This is not justice–this is insanity!”

“Infinite punishment for finite crimes just doesn’t seem just.”

“I could never torture people endlessly, especially my own children. How can you say that God will do that to His children? This seems hideous. You make God look like a monster worse than Hitler, not a loving Father Who would even die for His enemies!”

“If Hell is real and the greatest part of humanity went there, how could you HONESTLY say that ‘Love NEVER fails?’ Seems like Love fails most of the time according to your understanding of things.” (I Cor. 13:8)

“If the wages of sin is eternal punishment in Hell, then Jesus would have to be eternally punished if in fact He died for my sins. But the Bible says the wages of sin is death which is exactly what Jesus did–died. So how can you say people will be eternally tortured in Hell? Is Jesus presently being eternally tortured in place of those who accepted Him as Lord?”

Questions are powerful truth-finders. At all costs, avoid religious groups that fear questions. Anyone who believes they have the truth should not only encourage questions, but should have solid answers for what they believe, especially if they are a leader. When asking serious questions about serious topics like the subject of Hell, look them right in the eye when asking the questions. The eyes will give away whether they are firmly convinced with their answer or if they are just passing on the “traditions” of their sect. Most Christians actually know very little about Hell. And what they know is usually false as the following questions will reveal.

Whenever I was previously confronted with questions like those above (and I’ve heard these questions countless numbers of times), all of my answers seemed to fall short of being “reasonable.” And if someone watched my body language, especially my eyes, they could have seen that I did NOT have good answers for the sincere questions they asked. And I was a zealous student!

I normally used to find myself stating that the Bible says Jesus paid for our sins, but we must accept Him as our Savior. Then I would usually say something like: “God is a just God and cannot allow sin into heaven. You must have your sins forgiven and Jesus is the only one Who can forgive you. He died for your sins. We all deserve to go to Hell, but Jesus died so we wouldn’t have to go. But by turning from our sins and making Jesus our Savior, He’ll deliver us from this fate to which all mankind is destined. He’s given us all a chance; it’s up to us whether we will take it or not.” Then, often a discussion would ensue about the validity of the Bible and that would open up another can of worms. I wouldn’t have admitted it then, but what I was REALLY passing on for truth, was what was passed on to me from the “experts” of my church. It was NOT really beliefs given to me by the Holy Spirit Who the Bible says will teach us all truth. (John 16:13) My beliefs therefore had to be tested by thoroughly subjecting them to honest questions…questions which made my conscience reveal to me that my answers were NOT built on truth.

During my early years as a Christian, I usually attended conservative churches that could probably be labeled “evangelical” or “fundamentalist” where the emphasis was on being “born again.” I took the subject of Hell VERY seriously. I talked to people about Jesus every day. I used to have a compartmentalized attachment on the back of my car seat which contained various tracts warning of Hell and the way to avoid it. Having handed out thousands of ” Roman Road ” tracts, I knew (and still do know) all the salvation and Hell verses very well. I read my King James Bible everyday, went to Church whenever it was open and paid my tithes.

If Hell was real, then the most important thing in my life was to get as many people saved as I possibly could. I lost business contracts because I offended clients trying to “get them saved.” I lost friends who I hounded with the “Good News” who didn’t think my good news was so hot. I went to my family with tears in my eyes and begged them to accept Christ. By the time I was finished with them, they seriously considered having me committed to an institution for the insane. My brothers and sisters wanted nothing to do with me anymore. Tens of thousands of tracts explaining the simple plan of salvation were forced into the hands of people all over the Maryland , DC, Virginia area. Wherever I traveled, I usually took tracts with me. I was taught this rejection was the price one paid to follow Jesus. After all, He too, was despised and rejected even by His own family.

Whenever there was a missionary or evangelist in the area, I usually attended their meetings. I wanted to learn more about how to save more people. It was extremely frustrating and disappointing to find that most of the church members and my pastor did not share the burden for souls that seemed to me to be mandatory if in fact the teaching of Hell as taught by our Church and my King James Bible was true. We often heard sermons from pastors or highly paid traveling evangelists on the dangers of Hell. And then, instead of going out into the community to try to save a few doomed souls, we would often go to a nice restaurant to listen to the evangelist tell his favorite war stories while supposedly people all around us were dropping into the fiery pit. To me, it seemed that if the teaching of Hell was real, we, Christians, were not taking it seriously. And if WE weren’t taking it seriously, how could we expect those we wanted to influence take it seriously themselves?

If there were a Hell or place of eternal punishment, our actions in our communities surely didn’t show it. Our belief in Hell was NOT made manifest by our actions. We sinned just like those sinners we were trying to save. Oh, maybe for most of us, it wasn’t the same kind of sins. Maybe we didn’t drink, cuss, or smoke anymore, but boy we were experts in backbiting, slander, gossip, self-righteousness, pride, jealousy, and a host of other Biblical sins. How was it that we who were supposed to know better and supposedly had the Holy Spirit to help us lead a Holy life could sin and get away with it while those who were “slaves to sin” and had NO power to stop sinning were going to be endlessly tortured for theirs? This seemed a bit hypocritical.

I finally personally concluded we, Christians, including myself, WERE a bunch of hypocrites. We “said” but did not do. We condemned while doing the very same things we condemned others for. The more I looked at us while reading the Bible, the more we looked like the Pharisees who were Jesus’ enemies–and I remembered what Jesus thought of the Pharisees and the many warnings He gave them. As a matter of fact, almost every time my King James put the word Hell into Jesus’ mouth, He was always speaking to the religious people, NOT the street sinner. (Something to think about, isn’t it?)

I finally became so disgusted with our poor example and lack of concern for the lost that I asked God to take me out of this world. I was tired of the hypocrisy. I was worn out. Burned out. It seemed to me that if anyone deserved to go to Hell, it was us Christians for our hypocrisy and lack of concern for the lost.

God answered my prayer not by killing me, but killing a lot of “traditional teaching” I had swallowed which did NOT come from Him NOR from the Bible in its original languages. He had someone give me a handful of booklets dealing with a handful of key words in the Bible. According to this author, these words were MIStranslated in many of the leading “selling” English Bible translations. After reading these booklets, I made an extensive search at various seminaries to see if in fact what this author was saying was true. It was true!! What this author was saying made God’s judgments perfectly line up with His love. It wiped away those contradictions that I constantly had to shove under the rug of “Well, God said it, I believe it even if I can’t understand it all.” The Bible FINALLY made perfect sense! Scriptures like “Mercy shall triumph over judgment” (James 2:13) all of a sudden fit. I always had trouble with Scriptures like that one. After all, ninety-nine percent of mankind in Hell didn’t sound like mercy triumphing over judgment! Does it to you?

I wrote this book to challenge my fellow Christians to think through what they believe about this most important subject. Why are Christians so lackadaisical about their responsibility to lay down their lives to save their friends and enemies? The following questions may break through the crust of traditions of men and bring the reader to some new ground of understanding on this most important subject. If salvation is deliverance from Hell, then Hell must be thoroughly understood! Now let’s see how well you know the subject and whether your beliefs are based upon facts or simply the “traditions of men.” Looking back on my years as a religious zealot trying to save the world, although I went to Church regularly and studied the Bible much more than most of my counterparts, my belief was based upon the “traditions of men,” and a couple of Bible translations that mistranslated a handful of key words. Ask your church leaders these questions. Look them in the eyes and see if their answers belong to them or if they are just regurgitating the denomination’s traditions. You MAY be shocked to find out they have almost NO answers to ANY of the questions. And now for the questions:

•  When contemplating on these questions, let us remember that “unless we become as little children we shall not enter the kingdom of God .” (Matt. 18:3) Could children really love a god who created a place in which his parents, brothers and sisters or friends would be endlessly tortured? Could you truly sit on Hitler’s or Charles Manson’s lap and love them unconditionally? If not, what makes you think you can honestly love a God who is endlessly torturing almost all of mankind? Can a human being honestly love a being who planned to endlessly torture almost all of mankind which MAY include his parents, children AND if honest with him or herself, possible themselves? Can one REALLY love such a god IN THEIR HEARTS? or do they do what Jesus said they do: “Hypocrites! Well did Isaiah prophesy about you, saying: ‘These people draw near to Me with their mouths, and honor Me with their lips, but their heart is far from Me and in vain they worship Me teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.’”

I say, “no way.” We can “feign” worship of such a god for fear of being endlessly burned ourselves should this god turn on us also, but we cannot honestly worship such a fiend with integrity. We must become hypocrites like Isaiah prophesied in order to pretend to worship such a fiend.

•  If Hell is real and describes a real place, why does the English word “Hell” come from a pagan source instead of the ancient Hebrew writings of the Bible? Why is the word “Hell” not found in the Jew’s Bible which is the Christian’s Old Testament? Furthermore, the word “Hell” has completely disappeared from the Old Testament Scriptures in most leading Bibles. Why? Because the best scholarship demands it. (The word “Hell” comes from the Teutonic “Hele” goddess of the underworld “Hell” of northern Europe . The description of this ancient mythological place has very little resemblance anymore to the modern Christian image of Hell. See any Encyclopedia or dictionary for the origin of the word.) Seeing that the Bible is supposed to be “Holy,” why have pagan religious words been added to our modern English Bibles? Please understand, the English word “Hell” and its concepts are NOT in the Hebrew nor Greek. They come into the English through Northern European mythologies, NOT from the roots of Christianity.

•  If Hell as a place of everlasting tortures was the real fate of all mankind unless they did something here on earth to prevent it, why didn’t God make that warning plain right at the beginning of the Bible? God said the penalty for eating of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil was DEATH. He did NOT define death as eternal life being forever tortured in burning fire and brimstone.

•  If Hell was real why didn’t Moses warn about this fate in the Ten Commandments or the Mosaic Covenant consisting of over 600 laws, ordinances, and warnings? The Mosaic Law simply stated blessings and cursings IN THIS LIFETIME for failure to keep the Mosaic Law.

•  If Hell is real and it is a place of eternally being separated from God, why does David say in the King James Bible, “Though I make my bed in Hell (Sheol) lo, Thou art there? (Again please note, most Christian Bibles NO LONGER have the word “Hell” in the Old Testament. The KJV written over 350 years ago is an exception. The Jews do NOT put the word “Hell” in their English translations of the Hebrew Scriptures, that is, the Old Testament and the leading English Christian Bibles have removed it because it is NOT in the originals. Most Christian scholars now acknowledge it should never have been placed there in the first place.)

•  If Hell is real and if good people go to heaven and bad people go to Hell, why does EVERYONE, good or bad, go to the same place in the Old Testament? They ALL go to Sheol which the King James Version translated “Hell” thirty-0ne times, “grave” thirty-one times and “pit” three times? Are we all destined to go to Hell or did the King’s translators make some gross translation errors?

•  If Hell is real, why don’t the Jews, many who know the Old Testament better than most Christians, not believe in the modern Christian concept of Hell? They say they don’t believe it because it is not in their Scriptures. Most scholars today can not find Hell in the Old Testament. Most leading Bible translations no longer contain the word Hell in the entire Old Testament. (Genesis through Malachi.)

•  If Hell doesn’t exist in the Old Testament, how could Jesus and his disciples teach that salvation was deliverance from a place that is not even found in their Scriptures? (There was only the Old Testament at that time.) Would that not make Him appear like a false teacher? Or could it be that Jesus never taught such a concept in the first place? Could it be that this concept has been added to the church and SOME Bibles through “traditions of men?”

•  If Hell is real, since SOME English translations use the word Hell for the Greek word “Gehenna,” in the New Testament, why didn’t this same place (Gehenna) get translated Hell in the many places where it appears in the Hebrew form “ga ben Hinnom” in the Old Testament? If the Jews did not understand this valley as a symbol of everlasting torture, why do SOME English translations give this word such a meaning? And who burned who in this valley? And what was God’s response for Israel doing such a horrible thing to their children? (Jer. 32:33-35) And how could God say “such a thing never entered His mind” if in fact He is going to do the very same thing to most of His own children?

•  If Hell was real, why did the early church appoint an avowed universalist as the President of the second council of the church in Constantinople in the fourth century? (Gregory Nazianzen, 325-381)

•  If Hell was real, why did Church leaders as late as the fourth century AD acknowledge that the majority of Christians believed in the salvation of all mankind? (Ref, #1)

•  If Hell was real and a place of no escape, why did the early church teach Jesus went to Hell (Hades), preached to them and led captivity captive? (Eph. 4:8,9; Psalm 68:18; 1 Peter 3:18-20)

•  If Hell was real and the grave settled the matter forever, why did the early Christians offer up prayers for the dead? (Ref. # 1)

•  If Hell was real, why did the first comparatively complete systematic statement of Christian doctrine ever given to the world by Clement of Alexandria, A.D. 180, contain the tenet of universal salvation? (Ref. #1)

•  If Hell was real, why did the first complete presentation of Christianity (Origen, 220 A.D.) contain the doctrine of universal salvation? (Ref #1)

•  If Hell was real, why didn’t the church teach it until AFTER the church departed from reading the Bible in Greek and Hebrew, substituting Latin in its stead several centuries after Christ’s death? (Ref #1, 2, 7)

•  If Hell was real, why did not a single Christian writer of the first 3 centuries declare universalism as a heresy? (Ref. #1)

•  If Hell was real why didn’t a single one of the early creeds express any idea contrary to universal restoration, or in favor of everlasting punishment in Hell? (Ref. #1)

•  If Hell was real why did not a single Church council for the first five hundred years condemn Universalism as heresy considering the fact that they made many declarations of heresy on other teachings? (Ref. #1)

•  If Hell was real, why did most of the early church’s leading scholars and most revered saints advocate universal salvation? (Ref. #1)

•  If Hell was real, how is it that the most prominent universalists of the early church were born into Christian families and were most highly revered by their peers while those who advocated Hell came from paganism and confessed they were among the vilest? (Tertullian and Augustine) (Ref. #1)

•  If Hell was real and found in the original Greek manuscripts of the Bible, why is it that it was primarily those church leaders who either couldn’t read Greek (Minucius Felix, Tertullian), or hated Greek as in the case of Augustine, that the doctrine of Hell was advocated? Those early church leaders familiar with the Greek and Hebrew (the original languages of the Bible) saw universal salvation in those texts. Those who advocated Hell got it from the Latin, NOT from the original Greek and Hebrew. Who would more likely be correct–those who could read the original languages of the Bible or those who read a Latin translation made by one man (Jerome)? (Ref. #1)

•  If Hell was real why do most leading historians acknowledge that the early church was dominated by universalism? (Ref. #1, 7)

•  If Hell was real then why did four out of six theological schools from 170 AD to 430 AD teach universal salvation while the only one that taught Hell was in Carthage, Africa, again where Latin was the teaching language, not Greek? (Ref. #1, 2, 7)

•  If Hell was real why didn’t Epiphanius (c. 315-403) the “hammer of heretics” who listed 80 heresies of his time not list universalism among those heresies? (Ref. #1)

•  If Hell was real, since most historians would acknowledge today that Origen was perhaps the most outstanding example of early universalism in the church, when Methodius, Eusibius, Pamphilus, Marcellus, Eustathius, and Jerome made their lists of Origen’s heresies, why wasn’t universalism among them? Could it be perhaps that it wasn’t a heresy in the original church? (Ref. #1)

•  If Hell was real and a serious heresy, why was it not until the sixth century when Justinian, a half-pagan emperor, tried to make universalism a heresy? Interestingly, most historians will acknowledge that Justinian’s reign was among the most cruel and ruthless. (Ref. #1)

•  If Hell was real, since the early church was closest to the apostles and since they were closest to the original manuscripts of the Bible, why did the vast majority of the early Christian believers NOT believe in Hell as a place of everlasting burnings? (Ref. #1, 2, 7)

•  If Hell was real and all died NOT because of their transgressions but because of Adam’s transgression (Rom 5:18), why do many Christians not see what is plainly written, that “even so through one Man’s righteous act the free gift came to ALL MEN, resulting in JUSTIFICATION OF LIFE!” (Rom. 5:18) This Scripture declares the FACT that all are justified due to Christ’s righteous act. No one “decided” to die in Adam, it was “reckoned” to us. Equally no one “decided” to “receive eternal life,” it is also “reckoned” to us. (A thorough understanding of Romans Chapter five carefully comparing several English translations would be a very good exercise. The omission of the definite article “the” in Rom. 5:15 before the word “many” in some translations has caused some great misunderstanding of this most important chapter of the Bible.)

•  If Hell is real, in Romans 5:19, the “many” who were made sinners were actually “all” of the human race. Why is the “many” who were made “righteous” not equally be “all” of the human race? “For as by one man’s disobedience MANY were made sinners, so also by one Man’s obedience MANY will be made righteous.”

•  If Hell is real and everlasting, why does Psalm 30:5 say His anger is but for a moment?

•  If Hell is real one would never know it by the actions of most Christians. They go through life pretty much like atheists, pagans, etc. If they really believed in Hell, they would spend their entire life trying to snatch their friends and relatives from the burning flames. If Hell is real, why don’t they do this?

•  If Hell is a real place of merciless endless torture, since God knows the beginning from the end, why didn’t God just kill Adam and Eve and end the long terrible chain of misery that passed to their offspring before it began? After all, the Scriptures say that all died BECAUSE of Adam. (Rom. 5:18)

•  If Hell is real, why is it not mentioned in most leading English Bible translations until Matthew? (Most Bible translations now acknowledge Sheol should NOT ever be translated Hell as the King James Bible incorrectly did.)

•  If Hell was real, and if Paul was commissioned by God to preach the gospel to the nations, why did Paul not mention Hell even once except to declare victory over it? (1 Cor. 15:55, the word death in this passage is the word “Hades” which some translations of the Bible also translate Hell.)

•  If Hell was real and easy to define and find in the Bible, why did the translators of the original 1611 King James Bible find it so difficult to define Hades? They put Hell in the text at Rev. 20:13 and “Or, grave” in the margins while putting “grave” in the text and “Or, Hell” in the margins in 1 Cor. 15:55? Seems they couldn’t make up their minds whether Hades meant Hell or grave. (Recent editions have removed the marginal readings thus avoiding the embarrassment.)

•  If Hell is real, why are there many English Bible translations which do NOT contain the word Hell at all nor do they contain the concept of “everlasting torments”? (Ref. #6)

•  If Hell was real and the belief that there is no Hell is a deception from Satan, why is it that those born from above Christians who DON’T believe in Hell seem to manifest more of the nature and fruit of the Spirit than those who teach Hell? Surely those who believe that Jesus is the Savior of all mankind manifest more love towards their enemies than do serious Hell-fire types. Could it be that we begin to manifest what we worship? If we believe God loves all mankind and plans to save it, then we have no excuse but to do the same. However, if we believe God will cast away most of mankind, then we begin to manifest the very same spirit here on earth.

•  If there is a Hell and salvation is the deliverance from it, why does the word appear only a dozen times or so in most leading selling Bibles like the NIV, NASB, NRSV, NKJV, etc. as compared to the word Heaven which appears hundreds of times?

•  If Hades is Hell and there is no escape from it, why is it emptied and cast into the Lake of Fire along with death. (Rev. 20:14)

•  If the Lake of Fire is actually a place of everlasting burnings, why isn’t it defined as such? The Bible calls it the “second death,” that is, the death of the first death. One would think that the death of death would be LIFE, which is a good thing! (Rev. 20:14) Even in mathematics two negatives make a positive.

•  If there is a Hell and all who have sinned are destined to go there (which is everyone) unless they figure out how to avoid it, does that not consign all aborted babies and most children to Hell? (Dear Reader, while some denominations teach a so-called “age of accountability,” it is NOT found anywhere in the Bible. It is just some people’s way of trying to make God more humane than the Hell teaching makes Him out to be.)

•  Only one third of the world’s languages have any written scriptures 2,000 years after the gospel was given to the Jews. If one MUST believe in the gospel to be saved, then God was very irresponsible in getting the good news to all mankind TO mankind. Furthermore, since most of the countries which presently don’t have Bibles are non-white, doesn’t that make God a racist?

•  If all things were made for GOD’S pleasure, is it conceivable that God would derive pleasure from seeing those He created endlessly tortured?

•  If there is a Hell and according to most denominations of Christianity the majority of mankind will go there, could you really enjoy heaven knowing your mother or father or children or best friend are suffering everlasting tortures the likes of which would make the Holocaust seem like a picnic? If the Rich Man and Lazarus story (Luke chapter 16) is real and NOT a parable, then we will be able to converse with our loves ones who did not make it into heaven. Would heaven really be paradise if this were true?

•  If Hell is real and a place of eternal separation from God, why would Paul the apostle say the goal of God’s creative plan was to ultimately be “all IN all?” (1 Cor. 15:28)

•  If Hell is real since there is only one name under heaven by which men might be saved (Acts 4:12), why did God wait thousands of years and millions of souls after Adam’s fall to provide the name and means of salvation? Are all those before Jesus’ birth damned forever because they never heard of the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ? Would that be just? (Remember the Mosaic Law can never “save” anyone and it was only for Israel . Rom. 3:20)

•  If Hell is a real place of everlasting punishment and if Jesus died in our place to save us from this fate, wouldn’t Jesus have to be eternally punished if in fact He took our punishment upon Himself? But He’s NOT being eternally punished. He DIED which is what the penalty of the wages of sin is, DEATH, NOT everlasting life of unending torture or eternal death (annihilation).

•  If Hell is real why do some of the best Bible scholars and Bible teachers say it is NOT in the Greek or Hebrew text? (William Barclay, John A.T. Robinson, Lightfoot, Westcott, F.W. Farrar, Marvin Vincent, etc.)

•  If Hell is real why is it that those who preach it the most look more like Pharisees and the devil, while those who believe in the salvation of all mankind seem to be more loving and merciful than strong Hell-fire believers? It’s a plain fact that the colder less loving one is the easier it is to teach Hell while the more loving one becomes the harder it is to talk about Hell. Is heaven full of cold unloving people?

•  If Hell is real and everlasting, why is it thrown into the Lake of Fire to be destroyed? And why is Hell never called the Lake of Fire nor the Lake of Fire ever called Hell if in fact they are the same thing?

•  If Hell is real and the devil and all his works and people are to be thrown into it to stay alive forever, doesn’t that violate Jesus’ statement that He came to “destroy” the works of the devil? (1 John 3:8)

•  If Hell is real and the greatest part of mankind eventually goes there, wouldn’t Jesus be considered a great failure considering the fact He was sent to save the whole world? And if He failed so miserably this time to accomplish the will of the Father, can one really trust that He won’t fail again? (1 Tim. 2:3,4 KJV; Heb. 10:9) We who believe that Jesus will save the world obviously do NOT believe He failed…He will save all of us.

•  If Hell is real it must have been created at some time. Why doesn’t the Bible tell us when Hell (as traditionally taught) was created? Could it be that the Bible fails to mention its creation because it was never created in the first place?

•  If Hell is real and it is plainly seen in the original languages of the Bible, why is there such a great discrepancy among Bible translations as to which words should be translated Hell? (Ref. #6)

•  If Hell is real and most of mankind ends up there, how can God have promised Abraham that in him ALL the families of the earth will be blessed? (Gen. 12:3)

•  If Hell is real and Matthew chapter 24 says and means that the goat nations will go to “everlasting punishment,” how can God promise to Abraham that “all the nations of the earth shall be blessed by him? (Gen. 18:18) Does God not keep His promises?

•  If Hell is real, does that mean that motherly love is more powerful and enduring than God’s love? Do you know of normal mothers who would endlessly torment most of her kids. Do you know “normal” Fathers who would do such a thing? Why do we believe our heavenly Father, who is millions of times more loving than all of us combined, could do such an evil, wicked thing?

•  If Hell is real, is justice being served considering the fact that finite crimes would receive infinite punishment?

•  If Hell is real, since all is out of Jesus Christ, does that mean Hell comes out of Jesus Christ? (Rom. 36:11)

•  If Hell is real and all the different types of crimes committed here on earth receive the same punishment (endless torture) does “justice” not suffer?

•  If Hell is real and a person gets caught stealing and goes to jail for it and does his time, is it just for God to still punish him eternally for that crime? Is this not “double indemnity?”

•  If Hell is real, since some people receive many chances to “get saved,” some receive only a few chances and billions have never even received one chance, does that make God a respecter of persons? (Acts 10:34, James 3:17)

•  If Hell is real and is the fate of all mankind because of Adam’s transgression, if all are not saved through the last Adam, Jesus Christ, does that not make the transgression of the first Adam greater than the redeeming act of Jesus? (Rom. Chapter 5)

•  If Hell is real and most of mankind is doomed to go there, does that not violate the declaration of Paul who said that Christ’s righteous act on the cross gave ALL mankind a free gift resulting in justification of life?! (Rom. 5:18)

•  If Hell is real and God’s wrath abides upon billions of human beings FOREVER, some being your relatives and friends (or it could be you), doesn’t that violate the Scripture which says His anger WILL come to an end? (Isaiah 57:16-18)

•  If Hell was real and you went there, would you consider that good? (Psalm 145:9 says all will praise Him.)

•  If Hell was real and you were consigned to it, would you praise Him for sending you there? (Psalm 145:10)

•  If Hell is real and most of mankind will fall into this fiery pit, if there is not escape out of it, would this not violate the Scripture that says He raises ALL who fall? (Psalm 145:14)

•  If Hell is really a place from which there is no escape, why does God turn man to destruction and then give the command to return from it? (Psalm 90:3) If Hell is “everlasting” destruction,” how can man return? (2 Thess. 1:9)

•  If Hell is real and most find their way to it, was Jesus lying when He said that He would “draw” (“drag” in the original Greek) all mankind unto Himself? (John 12:32)

•  If Hell is real, since Jesus ultimately fills ALL things, will Jesus fill Hell as well? ((Eph. 4:10) How can Hell be eternal separation from God is Jesus fills Hell with Himself?

•  If Hell is real and Jesus is the Heir of all things, does that mean He inherits Hell as well? (Heb. 1:2)

•  If Hell is real, since God will have all men be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth (1 Tim. 2:3 KJV), does that mean God’s power is not strong enough to have His will fulfilled? Is man’s will more powerful than God’s?

•  If Hell is real, would that not violate the plain Scripture of the “restitution of all things?” (Acts 3:21)

•  If Hell is real and eternal separation from God, why does the Scripture say, “All flesh will come to God?” (Psalm 65:2-4)

•  If Hell is real and most people don’t get “born again,” doesn’t that make abortionists the greatest evangelists of all since they kill the babies before they can enter the world to begin their life of sin? (Gory thought, but think about it.)

•  If Hell is real and there is no escape from it, how can the Scriptures speak of the gathering of all things into Christ? (Eph. 1:10)

•  If Hell is real and God were human, we would give Him a death sentence for all the cruel things we say He is going to do to most of mankind?

•  If Hell is real and most people around you are on their way to it, how can you talk with them and not beg them each and everyday to be saved? How can you not go crazy at just the thought of their fate?

•  If Hell is real and you have “unsaved” family, friends, and business associates, when was the last time you went to them on your knees begging them to get saved? And if you haven’t done this recently yet still believe their fate is everlasting punishment, don’t you deserve to go to Hell yourself for being so callused and non-caring?

•  If Hell is real, how does the threat of endlessly torturing us convince us that God loves us and that we should love Him with all our heart, soul, mind and strength?

•  If Hell was real and the “full” gospel was designed to reach all mankind, doesn’t that make the results of the “full” gospel pretty “empty” considering that fact that most people are in Hell according to traditional theology?

•  If Hell was real, does that mean Jesus raised the wicked from an unconscious state, make them alive only to be endlessly tortured? Wouldn’t it be more merciful to just leave them eternally unconscious (which some believe)? (Ecc. 9:5; John 11:11)

•  If Hell is real and God only loves those who love Him, what better is He than the sinner? (Luke 6:32-33) Can you REALLY call eternally torturing your own children love?

•  If Hell is real, since “love thinketh no evil,” can God design the ultimate evil of a single soul? (1 Cor. 13:5)

•  If Hell is real, since”love worketh no ill,” can God inflict, or cause, or allow to be inflicted, an endless ill? (Rom. 13:10)

•  If Hell is real, since we are forbidden to be overcome by evil, can we safely suppose that God will be overcome by evil? (Rom. 12:21) Would not the infliction of endless punishment prove that God HAD been overcome by evil?

•  If Hell is real, if man does wrong in returning evil for evil, would not God do wrong if He was to do the same? (Rom. 12:20,21) Would not endless punishment be the return of evil for evil? As we are commanded “to overcome evil with good,” may we not safely infer that God will do the same? Would the infliction of endless punishment be overcoming evil with good?

•  If Hell is real, if God hates the sinner, does the sinner do wrong in hating Him?

•  If Hell is real, if God loves His enemies now, will he not always love them? Is God a changeable being? (James 1:17)

•  If Hell is real, is it just for God to be “kind to the evil and unthankful,” in their present life? (Luke 6:35) Would it be unjust for God to be kind to all men in a future state?

•  If Hell is real, if all men justly deserve endless punishment, will not those who are saved, be saved unjustly?

•  If Hell is real, would it be merciful in God to inflict endless punishment–that is, merciful to the sufferer?

•  If Hell is real, if the demands of divine justice are opposed to the requirements of mercy, is not God divided against Himself? If the requirements of mercy are opposed to the demands of the justice of God, can His kingdom stand? — (Mark 3:24)

•  If Hell is real, does not judgment triumph over mercy and thus contradict this Scripture? (James 2:13)

•  If Hell is real, if you had sufficient power would you not deliver all men from sin? If God WOULD save all men, but CANNOT , is He infinite in power?

•  If Hell is real, if God CAN save all men, but WILL NOT , is He infinite in goodness?

•  If Hell is real and created by God, does it not stand against God’s DESIRE the salvation of all men? (1 Tim. 2:3-4) Since God is righteous, must not the desire for universal salvation be a RIGHTEOUS desire? Is it true, that “the desire of the righteous shall be granted?” — (Prov. 10:24)

•  If Hell is real, would endless misery benefit the Almighty, as the INFLICTOR ? Would endless misery benefit the saints, as SPECTATORS ? Would endless misery benefit the sinner, as the SUFFERER ?

•  If Hell is real and endless punishment is the “wages of sin,” could the sinner ever receive payment in full? (Rom. 6:23)

•  If Hell is real and sin is infinite, can it be true that, “where sin abounded grace did MUCH MORE abound?” –(Rom. 5:20)

•  If Hell is real, if ONE sin deserves an eternity of punishment, how much punishment will TEN sins deserve?

•  If Hell is real, yet God “openeth his hand and satisfieth the desire of every living thing” — (Ps. 145:16), If I desire all men be saved, will God satisfy my desire? Is it good to desire all men to be saved? “This is GOOD and acceptable in the sight of God our Savior who DESIRES ALL MEN TO BE SAVED and to come to the knowledge of the truth.” (1 Tim. 2:3,4)

•  If Hell is real and you are a Calvinist, were you “responsible” for getting into heaven? Then why do you take the responsibility for those going to Hell away from God and put it on those you say are going to Hell? Is God “sovereign” only over the “elect?”

•  If Hell is real and God is our Father and our Potter (Isaiah 64:8,9) did He make mostly junk and are most of the children He raised misfits worthy only to be thrown away and endlessly tortured? Do we not hold parents responsible for their children’s outcome? If we use the same standards towards God’s “fathering” abilities, according to the doctrine of endless punishment, our Father did a very poor job in raising His children.

•  If Hell is real and a person is considered foolish trying to build a tower without first seeing if he has enough resources with which to complete it, wouldn’t Jesus also be foolish if He purposed to save the world but only came away with a part of it? And wouldn’t Jesus appear foolish if He came to destroy the works of the devil but left most of the devil’s work continuing endlessly in the Lake of Fire ? Wouldn’t He be found guilty of not counting the costs before He began?(Luke 14:28-32)

•  If Hell is real and since probably less than one percent of the world’s population ever got “born again” and stayed on the straight and narrow, doesn’t this fly in the face of Jesus’ words which says He leaves the ninety-nine to find the one and doesn’t give up until He finds it? (Luke 15:4)

•  If Hell is real and a place of terrible pain, why is it that we wouldn’t think of sending our pets to such a place yet don’t blink an eye at the thought of God sending His very own children to such a place?

•  If Hell is real and universalism is a heresy, why is it that those who believe God loves all and will save all find it easier to love all people than those who believe most people are going to Hell? (Think this through very carefully.)

•  If Hell is real, will you judge your mother, son, or other non-believer to Hell? “Do ye not know that the saints “shall judge the world”? and if the world shall be judged by you, are ye unworthy to judge the smallest matters? Know ye not that we shall judge angels? how much more things that pertain to this life?” 1 Corinthians 6:2-3

•  If Hell is real and an eternal separation from God, why does ” tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb” mean? If this “torment” is endless suffering in a literal lake of fire, how would you feel if it was your mother, father, wife, husband, children, or best friend in that lake IN your presence? (The Greek word for “tormented” does NOT mean “tortured,” it means “tested.”)

•  If 150 Bible scholars swear to a statement of faith that there is a Hell of everlasting punishment before that are allowed to work on a translation which they will be paid to produce, what are the odds that the translation they produce will contain a Hell of everlasting punishment? (That is the case with the NIV, and most other Bible translations produced by committees.)

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I think that a person whose mental faculties, conscience and heart are still working will come to the reasonable conclusion that the concept of Hell as a place of everlasting punishment leaves a LOT of questions unanswered. Yes, the concept of Hell (and that is all it is, a false concept) seems to violate everything that is reasonable. It violates the nature of God which is unconditional Love. It violates the wisdom of God, the pleasure of God, the promises of God, the oath of God, the power of God; it negates the full power of the cross of Christ; it goes against the testimony of the prophets; it violates the testimony of Jesus Christ and His apostles; it violates the Scriptures in their original languages; it violates the writings of the early church leaders who read the Scriptures in the original languages; it goes against our conscience and our hearts, Finally, it has the ring of something the subtlest of all creatures would concoct…the greatest lie ever told.

Jesus and the apostles gave many warnings over 1900 hundred years ago that many would rise up within the church and draw many people after themselves forming denominations built upon the traditions of men and NOT the Truth. 1900 years has spawned over 30,000 denominations of Christendom–denominations which cannot unite because they are divided by their “interpretations” of Scriptures AND traditions which have been added which are NOT based upon the Bible. “A kingdom divided against itself CANNOT stand.” (Mark 3:24) Obviously, the denominations of Christendom are NOT the kingdom of God . The Scriptures warned us that most Christians would depart from the faith. It is plainly written for all to see. Why is it that many Christians cannot see what is plainly written?

1 John 2:18-20

Dear children, this is the last hour; and as you have heard that the antichrist is coming, even now many antichrists have come. This is how we know it is the last hour. They went out from us, but they did not really belong to us. For if they had belonged to us, they would have remained with us; but their going showed that none of them belonged to us. But you have an anointing from the Holy One, and all of you know the truth.

1 John 2:26,27

26 I am writing these things to you about those who are trying to lead you astray. As for you, the anointing you received from him remains in you, and you do not need anyone to teach you. But as his anointing teaches you about all things and as that anointing is real, not counterfeit– just as it has taught you, remain in him.

1 Tim. 4:9-16

Do thy diligence to come shortly unto me: For Demas hath forsaken me, having loved this present world, and is departed unto Thessalonica; Crescens to Galatia , Titus unto Dalmatia . Only Luke is with me. Take Mark, and bring him with thee: for he is profitable to me for the ministry. And Tychicus have I sent to Ephesus . The cloke that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee , and the books, but especially the parchments. Alexander the coppersmith did me much evil: the Lord reward him according to his works: Of whom be thou ware also; for he hath greatly withstood our words. At my first answer no man stood with me, but all men forsook me: I pray God that it may not be laid to their charge.

Acts 20:26-31

Wherefore I take you to record this day, that I am pure from the blood of all men . For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God. Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God , which he hath purchased with his own blood. For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock. Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away disciples after them. Therefore watch, and remember, that by the space of three years I ceased not to warn every one night and day with tears. (Note Paul NEVER preached salvation as deliverance from Hell.)

KJV Galatians 3:1-3

O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you? This only would I learn of you, Received ye the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? Are ye so foolish? Having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh?

2 Peter 3:15-18

And account that the longsuffering of our Lord is salvation; even as our beloved brother Paul also according to the wisdom given unto him hath written unto you; As also in all his epistles, speaking in them of these things; in which are some things hard to be understood, which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other scriptures, unto their own destruction. Ye therefore, beloved, seeing ye know these things before, beware lest ye also, being led away with the error of the wicked, fall from your own stedfastness. But grow in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. To him be glory both now and for ever. Amen.

1 Cor. 1:10-15

Now I beseech you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you; but that ye be perfectly joined together in the same mind and in the same judgment. For it hath been declared unto me of you, my brethren, by them which are of the house of Chloe, that there are contentions among you. Now this I say, that every one of you saith, I am of Paul; and I of Apollos; and I of Cephas; and I of Christ. Is Christ divided? Was Paul crucified for you? Or were ye baptized in the name of Paul? I thank God that I baptized none of you, but Crispus and Gaius; lest any should say that I had baptized in mine own name.

As we can plainly see, God warned that there would come a great falling away IN THE VERY FIRST CENTURY, not hundreds of years later. That early falling away would produce a system of religion full of the abominations of the world. (Rev. Chapter 17 and 18) One must look to the past to find the “great falling away,” NOT the future. John, the apostle whom Jesus loved said it was the “last hour!” Last hour of what?

The writer of Hebrews writing over 1900 years ago informs us that they were living at the “end of the world:”

” For then must he often have suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself.” (Heb. 9:26)

Obviously he was NOT talking about the physical world. The writer of Hebrews was writing to Jews who were under the Old Covenant “world.” This “world” was about to come to an end when Titus would destroy the city of Jerusalem , the only city in which Jews could offer up animal sacrifices to God. The Mosaic Covenant world was coming to an end and God was about to establish a New Heaven and a New World , that is, a new Covenant. This was very plain to Hebrew-speaking Jews of the first century. We, modern Christians, have misused certain key words which have thrown off our eschatological understandings greatly.

The fact is that the great falling away occurred almost 2000 years ago and every denomination of Christianity is a part of it. The glue that keeps this abominable system of divided denominations together is the teaching that God is a failure. God fell short of His goal to save all mankind, thus making God to appear as the greatest fool and hypocrite that ever lived. The doctrine of Hell is one of the major instruments Satan has used to turn sincere seekers away from the truth turning them either to idolatry in the form of false religions or materialism. The rest became atheists or agnostics.

Recently I watched a movie entitled “Inherit the Wind” which dealt with the subject of whether evolution could be taught in public schools. Prior to the trial, a young boy the young science teacher was very fond of and was mentoring drowned. At the boy’s funeral, some Hell-fire fundamentalists talked about how this boy was rotting in Hell because he wasn’t “saved” before he drowned. The words of these fundamentalists turned this science teacher away from the Truth towards the lie of evolution. There are countless atheists and agnostics in the world who have been turned aside from seeking God because of this greatest of lies.

Perhaps the reader can now see some of the horrible consequences of this terrible stain on the nature and character of our heavenly Father. Now if the reader still insists that God endlessly tortures most of the human beings He made and also insist that the love of God is in you, then you owe all the people in the world a reasonable answer to the above questions.

Thousands of people in ages past HAVE asked these questions and have come to the logical Scriptural conclusion that the teaching of Hell is a plain unadulterated lie of the highest magnitude. Men and women like Abraham Lincoln, Florence Nightingale, Charles Dickens, Benjamin Rush (signer of the Declaration of Independence) asked questions like the ones above and reasonably concluded that Jesus IS the Savior of the whole world, not just a piece of it. After all, how can one be called the “Savior of the world” unless one actually saves it?

Great theologians and scholars have also come to the same conclusion. Among them are William Barclay, William Law, Karl Barth, Schliermacher, Bishop Westcott, Lightfoot, Canon F.W. Farrar, John A.T. Robinson, Andrew Murray and Andrew Jukes. Some of the greatest writers and poets are in the “Cloud of Witnesses” to the glorious truth of the salvation of all mankind through our glorious savior Jesus Christ. Elizabeth Browing, John Donne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Harriet Beecher Stowe and countless more. The list of preachers who have asked these same questions and have come to the reasonable and Scriptural truth that Hell is nothing more than a great lie is endless. They were not afraid to ask their Maker some straight-forward questions. They invited the Holy Spirit promised by Jesus to lead us all into Truth to make plain to them the Truth concerning the doctrine of Hell. Men and women of all ages have asked these questions AND have received truthful answers to these questions. A man named A.C. Thomas collected some of these questions and they found themselves in a book written in the 1800′s entitled: “The Key to Truth” by E. H. Lake . Isn’t it time to get the Truth? Here are some of the questions sincere people from all ages have asked which brought them to the truth.

•  Do you ardently DESIRE the salvation of all men?

•  Is it true that God “openeth his hand and satisfieth the desire of every living thing?” — (Ps. 145:16)

•  Do you fervently PRAY for the salvation of all men? (1 Tim. 2:1)

•  Do you pray in FAITH , nothing doubting? (James 1:6)

•  Are you aware, “that whatsoever is not of faith is sin?” — (Rom 14:23)

•  Would God require us to pray for all men, and to pray in faith, unless He intends all men should be saved?

•  If you believe endless misery to be the truth of God, why should you desire and pray that it may prove false?

•  Can the pleasure of the Almighty be contrary to his determinate will?

•  Would the infliction of endless misery afford pleasure to the Deity?

•  Can God be glorified by that which gives Him no pleasure?

•  Since Jesus “tasted death for EVERYONE,” can it be true that “the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hands,” if most are never saved? (Heb. 2:9)

•  If God “declares the end from the beginning,” can the final destiny of mankind be contrary to His will?

•  Can endless misery be brought about contrary to the GOOD PLEASURE of the Almighty?

•  Can God WILL anything contrary to His knowledge?

•  Did God know when He created man, that a part of His creatures would be endlessly miserable?

•  If God, when He created, did not know the result of creation, is He infinite in knowledge?

•  Power is the ability to do: is knowledge simply the ability to know?

•  If God knew when He created man, that some would be eternally damned, did He not will this to be their doom?

•  If God willed the endless misery of a part of His creatures, why is it said that “he will have all men to be saved?” — (1 Tim. 2:4, KJV)

•  If the Scriptures should testify, that God “will have all men to be damned,” could we really safely assume that a part might be saved?

•  If the Scriptures testify, that God “will have all men to be saved,” can we safely assume that a part may be damned?

•  If God made an endless hell before He created man, did He know whether there would be any use for it?

•  If God knew there would be use for an endless hell, must He not have created some men for endless misery?

•  If God made an endless hell, was it included in the works which He pronounced “very good?” — (Gen. 1:31)

•  If there is an endless hell, and it was not made before the creation of men, when was it made?

•  If there exists a personal devil, who made him?

•  Can there be any such thing as sin in heaven?

•  If there was sin in heaven, may not sin be committed there again?

•  If an angel of light became a devil, was not Paul in error, when he said Satan is transformed into an angel of light? — (2 Cor 11:14)

•  As sin presupposes temptation of some sort, who tempted a holy angel to sin?

•  If an angel could sin without a devil to tempt him, may we not sin without a devil to tempt us?

•  If a holy angel was tempted to sin by surrounding evil, is heaven a holy place?

•  If an angel was tempted by evil passions, could he have been holy?

•  If an angel became a devil by sinning, was Adam’s the original sin?

•  If Adam became mortal (that is, subject to death,) by sinning, must he not have been created immortal?

•  If Adam had been created immortal, could he ever have died?

•  If Adam sinned without inheriting total depravity, why should inborn depravity be assigned as the cause of our sins?

•  Would there be any more impropriety in imputing MY sins to Adam, than in imputing HIS sins to ME ? (Rom. 5:12)

•  If men are totally depraved by nature, must not children be so likewise?

•  If children be totally depraved, is it true, that “of such is the kingdom of heaven?” — (Mark 10:14)

•  Men are to be washed from their sins. If they are totally depraved, what is there to wash?

•  If evil men and seducers “wax worse and worse,” (2 Tim. 3:13), can they be totally depraved at first?

•  If human reason be “carnal and delusive,” why did God say, “come now and let us REASON together?” — (Isa. 1:18)

•  If reason be delusive, why should some folks reason against the use of reason?

•  Can an effect exist without a cause sufficiently powerful to produce it?

•  If “we love God because he first loved us,” is it true that we must first love HIM before He will love us?

•  If “we love God because he first loved us,” is it not plain that He loved US when we did not love HIM ?

•  If God loved US when we did not love HIM , is not our love to Him the EFFECT (and not the CAUSE ) of His love to US ?

•  Was it consistent with divine justice, to love us, when we did not love Him?

•  If God once loved us, will not that love eternally continue?

•  If the love of God is the cause which produces love in man, can anger and wrath produce the same effect?

•  Is it the revealed will of God that all men should be saved?

•  Can God will all men to be saved, knowing that a part will be forever lost?

•  If God has two wills, why is double-mindedness condemned in the Scriptures?

•  If God has two wills, why does the Bible say, “He is of one mind?”

•  If God has a secret will, how did you gain a knowledge of it?

•  Can that be a secret which has been revealed?

•  If God revealed His secret will to “the saints,” why should they reveal it to “the wicked?”

•  If God under any circumstances, wills the endless misery of a human soul, in what does He differ from Satan?

•  Can Jesus Christ be the Savior of any more than He actually saves?

•  Can Jesus be “the Savior of the world,” (1 John 4:14), if the world is not saved by him?

•  Is Christ, in any sense, the Savior of unbelievers?

•  If Christ is in no sense the Savior of unbelievers, why are unbelievers called upon to believe in Christ as their Savior?

•  If unbelievers are not called upon to believe in Christ as their Savior, what are they to believe?

•  Must not the thing to be believed, be true before it is believed?

•  Must not the thing to be believed continue to be true, whether it be believed or disbelieved?

•  “What if some did not believe? Shall their unbelief make the faith, [or faithfulness] of God of none effect?” — (Rom. 3:3)

•  Is it true that “God hath concluded all in unbelief that he might have mercy on all?” — (Rom 9:32)

•  Can God be “especially the Savior of them who believe,” unless He is actually the Savior of all? — (1 Tim. 4:10)

•  If belief and good works in this life are essential to eternal salvation in the next, can infants be saved?

•  Can the good actions of finite man merit an infinite reward?

•  Can the evil actions of finite man merit infinite punishment?

•  If men are saved by works, is salvation of grace?

•  If one man is saved by grace, why should not all be saved in like manner?

•  Is God a partial being?

•  Can the faith of the Partialists (believers in Hell or annihilation) be based in the wisdom that is “full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality?” — (James 3:17)

•  Can sufficient provision be made for the salvation of all men, if some men are never saved?

•  Must not sufficient provision be sufficient to subdue the will of the creature?

•  Is there any other way to determine the sufficiency of the means employed, than by the accomplishment of the end designed?

•  Does not the law of God require all men to love him supremely, and their neighbors as themselves?

•  Is it true, that “not one jot or tittle of this law shall pass till all be fulfilled?” — (Matt. 5:18)

•  Does not justice require of us the fulfilment of the law of God?

•  Will not justice be eternally violated, if the law of God is not universally fulfilled?

•  Can those who are determined eternally damned fulfil the law of love?

•  Can justice require the obedience of the sinner, and at the same time require his eternal disobedience?

•  If “whosoever offereth praise glorifieth God,” (Ps. 50:23), can He be glorified by those who have no cause to praise Him?

•  If any one is rendered eternally damned, can he have any cause to praise His Maker?

•  Will God ever place some of his creatures in such a situation they cannot praise him?

•  Do you believe that endless punishment would manifest the glory of God?

•  Can you rejoice in the hope of the glory of God?

•  Would not the salvation of half of mankind glorify God more than the salvation of one-fourth?

•  Would not the salvation of nine-tenths of mankind glorify God more than the salvation of one-half?

•  Can we give “glory to God in the highest,” without believing in the salvation of all men?

•  If “all have sinned, and (thus) come short of the glory of God,” (Rom. 3:23), would eternal sinning mend the matter?

•  Shall “every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father?” — (Philippians 2:11)

•  Is endless misery “good tidings of great joy which shall be to ALL people?”

•  Could man be endlessly miserable without being endlessly a sinner?

•  If sin exist eternally, can it be true that Christ was to finish the transgression, and to make and end of sin? — (Dan. 9:34)

•  Since Jesus gave himself a ransom for all men, can he ever “see the travail of his soul and be satisfied,” if endless misery is true?

•  Do you hope that endless misery is true?

•  Is “faith the substance (or foundation) of things hoped for?” — (Heb. 11:1)

•  If endless misery is not a thing hoped for, can it be a part of the Christian faith?

•  Is it certain that one soul will be eternally lost?

•  Is it certain that one soul will be saved?

•  Is it certain that all will not be damned?

•  Is it certain that all will not be saved?

•  Can that be certain which is not decreed?

•  If it is certain that one soul will be saved, must there not be a decree concerning the salvation of a definite number?

•  If the number of the saved is definitely fixed, must not the number of the damned be equally definite?

•  If there is no certainty in relation to the final destiny of man, is not salvation a work of chance?

•  What is better chance than Atheism?

•  If God knew, when he created, what the end of each soul would be, is not that end as certain as if it was decreed?

•  Is not the merciful man always merciful to his animals?

•  Will not the merciful God be always as merciful to His creatures, as the merciful man is to his animals?

•  Is it true that the “tender mercies of the Lord are over all his works?” — (Ps. 145:9)

•  Is it true that the Almighty is without variableness, or the shadow of turning?

•  Would there be any tender mercy in the infliction of endless misery?

•  Are the tender mercies of the Lord like unto the tender mercies of the wicked which are cruel?

•  If God is not the Father of sinners, why should sinners pray, saying, “Our Father, forgive us our trespasses (sins)?”

•  “Have we not all one Father? Hath not one God created us?” — (Mal. 2:10)

•  If God is the Father of all men, will He do less for His children than earthly parents would do for theirs?

•  Is it true that God punishes us “for our profit, that we might be partakers of his holiness?” — (Heb. 12:11)

•  Would endless punishment be for our profit?

•  Would endless punishment “yield the peaceable fruits of righteousness unto them who are exercised thereby?”

•  Can any doctrine be too good to be true?

•  Will God contend forever and be always wroth? — (Isa. 62:16)

•  Will the Lord cast off forever? — (Lam. 3:31-33)

•  Can one be a Christian who worships the Lord through fear of the devil?

•  Can one truly be Christian who state that if they believed in the salvation of all mankind, they would go out and sin without fearing consequences of those sins?

•  Can a person really be a Christian who says, “if all men are to be saved, what use is there in being virtuous?”

•  If “the goodness of God leads to repentance,” why should His eternal wrath be preached to sinners?

•  If “the goodness of God leads to repentance,” why should it not be supposed that repentance leads to the goodness of God?

•  If “the goodness of God leads to repentance,” are not sinners the objects of His goodness?

•  Is not the goodness of God co-extensive and co-eternal with His wisdom and power?

•  As the wisdom of God can never change to folly, nor His power to weakness, will His goodness ever change to hatred?

•  Can God be universally and eternally good, if endless misery is true for a single soul?

•  If all men deserve endless punishment, would it not be right for God to inflict it?

•  “Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?” (Gen. 18:25)

•  If it would be right for God to punish all men eternally, would it not be wrong for Him not to do it?

•  Since the infliction of endless misery would be returning evil for evil, would it be right for God to inflict it?

•  If the return of evil for evil is right for God, would it not be equally right for man?

•  Since “fear has torment,” and true religion is happiness, can fear produce true religion?

•  Since “perfect love casts out fear,” will not fear cast out perfect love?

•  Can fear imbue the soul with perfect love?

•  Must not they who “believe and tremble,” be possessed of the faith of devils?

•  Is it possible to love someone without truly personally knowing them?

•  Can a person love someone who is endlessly torturing them in a lake of fire and will not give them mercy?

•  So between life here on earth and the Lake of Fire , if Jesus doesn’t personally reach someone with His love, how can a person really love Jesus back? ( Rom. 5:8-10)

•  Does the belief of endless misery cause the believer to “rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of glory?” — (1 Pet. 1:8)

•  Can a belief of any thing short of universal salvation, fill the soul with “joy and peace?”

•  Will not the devil and all his works be destroyed? — (Heb. 2:14; 1 John 3:8)

•  Will not death, the last enemy, be swallowed up in victory and destroyed? — (Isa. 25:6-8; 1 Cor. 15:26-54)

And finally:

If God is loving, merciful, wise, always gives “righteous” judgment and is all powerful and has a desire or will to save all mankind (1 Tim 2:3,4) which will come closer to the above attributes?:

A Savior of all mankind?

An eternal torturer of most?

Children, saints, truth-seekers, sinners, universalists (those who believe in universal salvation through Jesus Christ) and even atheists always get the right answer.

Pharisees, hypocrites, control freaks, hate-mongers, and other sundry snakes always get it wrong.

My conclusion that the modern church concept of God consigning the greatest majority of the human beings He created to everlasting tortures (which is NOT worthy of His honor) does not come from my wishful thinking, but from thousands of hours of studying various English Bible translations, the original languages, early church history, revelation from the Holy Spirit, as well as from a clean conscience and a sound mind. Listed below are a few of the hundreds of books I’ve read or written as a result of this intense search for the truth of the matter. I believe that anyone who truly desires to KNOW God and to honor Him in the earth will undoubtedly come to the same conclusions I and millions of other Christians who have tasted of God’s mercy have come to over the last two thousand years…that Jesus is the Savior of all mankind, as the Scriptures plainly declare(John 4:42; 1 John 4:14)…not just a few. The reasons why most Christians in this present age do not see this glorious truth are:

REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENT VIEWS

1.   Failure to hold on to clear statements of God’s sovereignty, foreknowledge, power, omniscience, purpose of creation, and unconditional love.

2.   Failure to believe direct statements of scripture declaring the ultimate salvation of all through the saving work of Jesus Christ.

3.   Pulling scriptures out of context and putting them into an end-time scenario when, in fact, they deal with other ages. Scriptures speak of at least two other ages to come. (Eph. 2:7)

4.   Inaccurate and misleading translations. Roman Catholic tradition strongly affected the first Protestant English Bibles which, in turn, adversely affected modern translations.

5.   Injection of Roman\Greek concepts which are not Biblical such as the immortality of the soul into the Bible. Adam was removed from the garden lest he eat from the tree of life. He was therefore not immortal. Eternal life is found only “in” Christ, not in Adam. “In Adam all died.” (1 Cor. 15:22) If Adam was immortal, how could he die?

6.   Bondage to the traditions and teachings of men rather than allowing the Spirit of Truth to lead us into all truth. (John 16:13)

7.   Laziness.

8.   A hidden desire in many of us to have our enemies get what we feel they deserve while we get off free and clear. (Luke 9:51-56)

9.   The desire of religious and government leaders to use fear to maintain control. Love cannot be perfected with fear, therefore, the church has few members whose love is perfected. Perfect love casts out fear! (1 John 4:18)

10.   Satan’s power and authority to deceive.

11.  Failure to see that “Love never fails,” (1Cor. 13:8) His “mercy endures forever,” (1 Chron. 16:41) and “mercy triumphs over judgment.” (James 2:13)

12.  It’s not your time to see. (Acts 13:48, John 6:44)

13.  Fear of persecution of men (males and females) for not going along with the majority view.

14  Misunderstanding of the purpose of God’s “remnant,” His “chosen people.”

God has always wanted a people here on earth to act as intercessors on behalf of those who do not know Him. God wanted Israel to be a “nation of priests,” but Israel violated God’s commandments even as He was writing them. (Ex. 19:6-8; 32:21-29; Deut. 21:5) So God selected only the tribe of Levi under the Mosaic Covenant to be His priests. These priests were to offer up prayers, intercessions, and sacrifices not only for Israel , but for all the nations around them.

Ultimately Israel became so degenerate that the Priests refused to offer up sacrifices on behalf of the Gentile nations. Josephus, the Jewish historian, records this for us. In 70AD, God destroyed the nation of Israel and took the priesthood away from the tribe of Levi and gave it to “another nation” to intercede on behalf of the nations of the world who do not know their left hand from their right. This nation was to be a light for them. In studying Church history, while the “early” Church was a great light, after a few centuries the light disappeared into what became known as the Dark Ages. This “Dark Ages” was NOT in Africa, NOT in Asia, NOT in South America ; it was in the very nations which has the greatest population of Christians!! The Dark Ages did NOT begin until the wretched doctrine of endless punishment entered the Church! The horrible teaching that God will torture most of His children endlessly has not only turned the world away from seeking the God of the Bible, it has turned many Christians away as well.

Those who call themselves Christians, who are called to intercede on behalf of sinners but find it difficult to pray for them let alone love them are in danger of following the footsteps of the first priesthood which God removed because of their lack of mercy. Many Christians are filling their minds with a “fly away” mentality while expecting non-believers to finally get what they deserve–100 pound hailstones, nuclear wars and horrible diseases. This teaching did NOT come from Christ! It came from the same spirit that drove the disciples John and James to want to command fire to come down upon the heads of those who did not believe on Jesus Christ.

“Now it came to pass, when the time had come for Him to be received up, that He steadfastly set His face to go to Jerusalem , and he sent messengers before His face. And as they went, they entered a village of the Samaritans, to prepare for Him. But they did not receive Him, because His face was set for the journey to Jerusalem .

And when His disciples James and John saw this, they said, ‘Lord, do you want us to command fire to come down from heaven and consume them, just as Elijah did?’

But He turned and rebuked them, and said, ‘You do not know what manner of spirit you are of. For the Son of Man did not come to destroy men’s lives but to save them.’” Luke 9:52-56

Please note, the Samaritans who rejected Jesus were NOT condemned to Hell by Jesus for their rejection of Him; it was His disciples who were condemned for the foul spirit they had which wanted those unbelievers burned instead of saved. Much of the Church world is in the same foul spirit John and James were in.

Search your heart and conscience. Ask the Holy Spirit if some of these reasons listed above are blocking you from receiving the full truth regarding this matter. And above all “Study to show yourself approved.”

I have included at the end of this book a list of reference material which will help prove that the “traditional” concept of Hell is false. Here is a list of Bibles revealing that the original languages of the Bible do NOT contain the teaching of Hell Some of them are published by leading Evangelical publishers:

Rotherham’s Emphasized Bible (Kregal Publishers, still in print), Young’s Literal Translation of the Holy Bible (Baker Book House Publishers, still in print; Robert Young is author of the famous Young’s Concordance), Concordant Literal Translation of the N.T. (Concordant Publishing Concern, still in print), Scarlet’s New Testament (Nathaniel Scarlett, 1798), The New Testament (Abner Kneeland, 1823) Emphatic Diaglott (Greek/English Interlinear), The New Covenant (J.W. Hanson, 1884), New Testament in Modern Speech (Weymouth, 1910), The Restoration of Original Sacred Name Bible (1976), The Twentieth Century New Testament (1900), The New Testament of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Anointed (James L. Tomanek)1958), The Western New Testament (1926), The New Testament, a Translation (Rev. Edgar Lewis Clementson, 1938), The People’s New Testament (Arthur Overbury), The Holy Bible in Modern English (Ferrar Fenton, still in print), The New Testament, A New Translation based upon the Oldest Manuscripts (Johannes Greber, 1980), Christian Bible, 19.

There are other translations like the Companion Bible King James Version, American Standard Version (1901), the Newberry Reference Bible (Still published by Kregal Publications), and the Riverside New Testament by Ballantine (1934) which contain footnotes, marginal readings and appendages which point out that several key Greek and Hebrew words have been MIStranslated by such Bible versions as the King James Bible.

Listed at the end are the names of a few of some of the best material from which I have gleaned on the subject of Hell. Our Internet site has many more and I have many more in my library. The plain fact is that the teaching of a Hell of everlasting tortures is NOT in the Old Testament in the Hebrew. Jews today do NOT believe in the modern Christian’s version of Hell. It is NOT in what is commonly, but incorrectly called the New Testament in the original languages nor is it contained in English Bible translations properly translated. Certainly the greatest majority of the early church and its leadership did NOT teach the modern concept of Hell. It was clearly borrowed from the pagans–it did NOT come from Mosaic Judaism which is the root of Christianity. These are plain facts. The books below will prove this. The question is…are you going to follow the “traditions of man” which “make the word of God of no effect” or will you allow the Holy Spirit to lead you into all truth even though you may be severely persecuted by many of your Christian brothers and sisters? Jesus was persecuted by His own. So, too, will His disciples. I leave the choice in your hands and in the hands of your Maker. Peace, Love, and Truth to you…In Him, Gary Amirault.

Postscript: By the way, if you REALLY want to know who invented Hell, the book “The Origin and History of the Doctrine of Endless Punishment” is an excellent place to begin. Here is a list of quotes taken from ancient history which plainly reveal who the inventors of a Hell of eternal punishment are. The source for Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny is the very same source of Hell…political, business, and religious men and women who invent ways to hold power over people and to make money of them.

The Ancient Inventors of Hell

1. Polybius, the ancient historian, says: “Since the multitude is ever fickle, full of lawless desires, irrational passions and violence, there is no other way to keep them in order but by the fear and terror of the invisible world; on which account our ancestors seem to me to have acted judiciously, when they contrived to bring into the popular belief these notions of the gods, and of the infernal regions.” B. vi 56.

2. Dionysius Halicarnassus treats the whole matter as useful, but not as true. Antiq. Rom. , B. ii

3. Livy, the celebrated historian, speaks of it in the same spirit; and he praises the wisdom of Numa, because he invented the fear of the gods, as “a most efficacious means of governing an ignorant and barbarous populace.” Hist., I 19.

4. Strabo, the geographer, says: “The multitude are restrained from vice by the punishments the gods are said to inflict upon offenders, and by those terrors and threatenings which certain dreadful words and monstrous forms imprint upon their minds…For it is impossible to govern the crowd of women, and all the common

rabble, by philosophical reasoning, and lead them to piety, holiness

and virtue – but this must be done by superstition, or the fear of the gods, by means of fables and wonders; for the thunder, the aegis,

the trident, the torches (of the Furies), the dragons, &c., are all fables, as is also all the ancient theology. These things the legislators used as scarecrows to terrify the childish multitude.” Geog., B. I

5. Timaeus Locrus, the Pythagorean, after stating that the doctrine

of rewards and punishments after death is necessary to society, proceeds as follows: “For as we sometimes cure the body with unwholesome remedies, when such as are most wholesome produce no effect, so we restrain those minds with false relations, which will not be persuaded by the truth. There is a necessity, therefore, of instilling the dread of those foreign torments: as that the soul changes its habitation; that the coward is ignominiously thrust into the body of a woman; the murderer imprisoned within the form of a savage beast; the vain and inconstant changed into birds, and the slothful and ignorant into fishes.”

6. Plato, in his commentary on Timaeus, fully endorses what he says respecting the fabulous invention of these foreign torments. And Strabo says that “Plato and the Brahmins of India invented fables concerning the future judgments of hell” (Hades). And Chrysippus blames Plato for attempting to deter men from wrong by frightful stories of future punishments.

Plato himself is exceedingly inconsistent, sometimes adopting, even in his serious discourses, the fables of the poets, and at other times rejecting them as utterly false, and giving too frightful views of the invisible world. Sometimes, he argues, on social grounds, that they are necessary to restrain bad men from wickedness and crime, and then again he protests against them on political grounds, as intimidating the citizens, and making cowards of the soldiers, who, believing these things, are afraid of death, and do not therefore fight well. But all this shows in what light he regarded them; not as truths, certainly, but as fictions, convenient in some cases, but difficult to manage in others.

7. Plutarch treats the subject in the same way; sometimes arguing for them with great solemnity and earnestness, and on other occasions calling them “fabulous stories, the tales of mothers and nurses.”

8. Seneca says: “Those things which make the infernal regions terrible, the darkness, the prison, the river of flaming fire, the judgment seat, &c., are all a fable, with which the poets amuse themselves, and by them agitate us with vain terrors.” Sextus Empiricus calls them “poetic fables of hell;” and Cicero speaks of them as “silly absurdities and fables” (ineptiis ac fabulis).

9. Aristotle. “It has been handed down in mythical form from earliest times to posterity, that there are gods, and that the divine

(Deity) compasses all nature. All beside this has been added, after the mythical style, for the purpose of persuading the multitude, and

for the interests of the laws, and the advantage of the state.”

Neander’s Church Hist., I, p. 7. 11

(The above quotes were taken from “The Origin and History of the Doctrine of Endless Punishment” by Thomas Thayer.)

The question this book began with is now, I trust, answered by a sufficient number of witnesses to settle the matter. Hell was invented by men of power who felt it was the only way to hold the masses of ignorant people under their power. It is the same today. If the people of power today REALLY believed the myths they are perpetuating, they themselves would behave MUCH differently than they are. Seeing their own corrupt behavior should make it plain to anyone, these political, business, and especially religious leaders have not the slightest faith in these things themselves; they do not think them at all necessary to regulate their own lives, or keep them in order; but it is for the average people, the dumb sheep who must be restrained with fears of great terror in the afterlife. One cannot help noting the resemblance between those wise men of old and some of our own day, who seem so anxious to maintain the doctrine on the ground that it is necessary to restrain men from sin. I think it is time we “dumb sheep” wise up and get out from under the myths these men of corruption have used to hold the fetters of our minds in check and check ourselves in at the sheepfold of the Good Shepherd who knows how to restrain HIS sheep with love, not fear. What do you think?

References:

#1 Universalism–The Prevailing Doctrine of the Christian Church During Its

First Five Hundred Years by Dr. J.W. Hanson

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/Prevailing.html

#2 The Bible Hell by Dr. J.W. Hanson

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/TheBibleHell.html

#3 Arguments in Favor of Universalism

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/InFavorCh20.html

#4 100 Scriptural Proofs Jesus is the Savior of the world

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/ScripturalProofs.html

#5 Bible Threatenings Explained by Dr. J.W. Hanson

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/BibleThreateningsExplained.html

#6 The Gates of Hell Will Not Prevail by Gary Amirault and Tony Hinkle

(Proves many Bibles do NOT contain Hell or “everlasting punishment.”

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/GatesOfHell.html

#7 Early Christian View of the Savior by Gary Amirault

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/EarlyChristianView.html

#8 Aion by Dr. J.W. Hanson

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/Aion_lim.html

#9 The Power of Life and Death is a Four Letter Greek Word–Aion by Gary

Amirault

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/PowerOfLifeAndDeathInAGreekFourLetterWord.html

#10 Time and Eternity by G.T. Steve nson

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/time/index.html

#11 Analytical Study of Words by Louis Abbott

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/asw/asw.html

#12 Rich Man and Lazarus Parable Explained

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/Lazarus.html

#13 Eternal Death: One Step Out of Hell, One Step Short of Glory

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/EternalDeath.html

#14 Just what you do mean…Judgment? by J. Preston Eby

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/Judgment-Eby.html

#15 Arguments in Favor of Universalism by E.E. Guild

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/InFavorCh20.html

#16 The Origin and History of the Doctrine of Endless Punishment by Dr. Thomas Thayer

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/OriginandHistory.html

Mistranslation of the word “aion”:

Aion by Dr. J.W. Hanson

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/Aion_lim.html

The Power of Life and Death is a Four Letter Greek Word–Aion by Gary

Amirault

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/PowerOfLifeAndDeathInAGreekFourLetterWord.html

Time and Eternity by G.T. Steve nson

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/time/index.html

Mistranslation of Sheol, Hades, Tartarus, Gehenna:

The Bible Hell by Dr. J.W. Hanson

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/TheBibleHell.html

Analytical Study of Words by Louis Abbott

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/asw/asw.html

The Origin and History of the Doctrine of Endless Punishment by Dr. Thomas Thayer

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/OriginandHistory.html

Rebuttals of Hell-supporting Scriptures in some Bibles:

Bible Threatenings Explained by Dr. J.W. Hanson

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/BibleThreateningsExplained.html

Rich Man and Lazarus Parable Explained

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/Lazarus.html

Proofs Annihilationism is NOT taught in the original languages of the Bible:

Eternal Death: One Step Out of Hell, One Step Short of Glory

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/EternalDeath.html

God’s punishment is NOT eternal:

Just what you do mean…Judgment? by J. Preston Eby

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/Judgment-Eby.html

Arguments and Scriptures Favoring the Salvation of All Mankind:

Arguments in Favor of Universalism by E.E. Guild

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/InFavorCh20.html

Early Christian View of the Savior by Gary Amirault

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/EarlyChristianView.html

The Gates of Hell Will Not Prevail by Gary Amirault and Tony Hinkle

(Proves many Bibles do NOT contain Hell or “everlasting punishment.”

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/GatesOfHell.html

100 Scriptural Proofs Jesus is the Savior of the world

http://www.tentmaker.org/books/ScripturalProofs.html

About the Author:

I’d like the reader to be aware that I am a conservative Christian who spent several years in very evangelical fundamental churches. Even before I became a Christian my values were always conservative, not liberal. I mention this because that is often the first line of attack against this glorious truth. The belief in the salvation of all mankind through Jesus Christ is NOT a far left liberal principle–it is simple a plain fact which Christians of all kind should pray about, study and then joyfully embrace.

http://www.knowledgehunter.info/wiki/NakamatsuYoshiro Nakamatsu ( born June 26, 1928), a.k.a. Dr. NakaMats, is a Japanese inventor claiming to hold the world record for number of inventions with over 3,000. He is known as the “Edison of Japan.” Nakamatsu claims that possibly his greatest invention is the floppy disk (1950). He is the only person who has licensed 16 patents to IBM, including the floppy disk. He created his first invention at the age of five.

Nakamatsu is a graduate of the University of Tokyo. He has so far completed four doctor thesis and claims that he will never stop studying.

Archimedes, Michael Faraday, Marie Curie, Nikola Tesla and Yoshiro Nakamatsu were chosen by U.S. Science Academic Society as the five greatest scientists in history.

He was awarded the 2005 Ig Nobel prize for Nutrition, for photographing and retrospectively analyzing every meal he has consumed during a period of 34 years (and counting). The goal of NakaMats is to live over 140 years old.

He invented the Enerex, a pollution free car engine that runs on tap water and can generate three times as much power as a standard gasoline engine. It splits water, producing hydrogen as the fuel.

Sun ( 17 July 1990 )Splish, Splash! Car Runs on Water, Inventor Claims

Plans for a new car engine are all wet, but that’s good news because this fantastic invention is supposed to run on plain old tap water.

This is not some pipe dream. The man behind the pollution-free engine Enerex is Yoshiro Nakamatsu, the famous ‘Edison of Japan’ who invented the computer floppy disk and digital watch.

So people listen when Yoshiro says his Enerex engine will run on tap water and can create three times as much power as a standard gasoline motor. ‘It will generate electricity for any purpose,” he boasts. ‘Petroleum will exhaust in 100 years’.

The 62-year-old wizard says listening to Bethoven’s Fifth Symphony and swimming help him maintain his creativity. It must work. Yoshiro has obtained more than 2000 patents in the US and Japan.

Yoshiro says he plans to modify his engine so it can be used to power a special road vehicle. Major car manufacturers must be shaking, knowing their production of gas engines could sputter and stall if Enerex takes the country by storm.

Yoshiro also displayed some of his other creations at the onroeville Expo mart in suburban Pittsburgh, including packages of ‘brain food’. This is a snack that tastes like seaweed but is supposed to contain ‘good elements’ to encourage clear thinking…

http://community-2.webtv.net/RICHARDPORTER2/OneCreativeGeniusAn/
http://www.whatagreatidea.com/nakamatsu.htm — Interview with Dr Yoshiro Nakamats (April 29, 1990, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at the Duquesne Club).

US Patent # 5399,251

[ PDF Format ]

System for Generating Hydrogen and Oxygen
March 21, 1995 ~ US Cl. 204/262

Yoshiro Nakamats

AbstractA system for generating hydrogen and oxygen includes a tank and a solid polyelectrolyte film which separates the tank into first and second portions. Electrodes are provided on opposed first and second sides of the polyelectrolyte film. A power supply is connected to the electrodes. The system includes means for introducing water into the bottom of the first portion of the tank and a vibrating means for vibrating the polyelectrolyte film, electrodes and water. A power regulator which regulates power from the power supply and includes an electronic element that generates heat is provided. The electronic element is mounted in the tank for heating the water. The hydrogen generated by the system may be supplied together with gasoline to the engine of an automobile while the generated oxygen may be released to the inside of the car.

References Cited:
U.S. Patent Documents
4124463 ~ Nov., 1978 ~ Blue ~ 204/129
4312736 ~ Jan., 1982 ~ Menth et al ~ 205/255
4352722 ~ Oct., 1982 ~ Ohkawa ~ 204/129
4369737 ~ Jan., 1983 ~ Sanders et al. ~ 123/3
4442801 ~ Apr., 1984 ~ Glynn et al. ~ 123/3
4720331 ~ Jan., 1988 ~ Billings ~ 204/129
5037518 ~ Aug., 1991 ~ Young et al. ~ 204/230

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an energy system for electrolyzing water with high efficiency to generate hydrogen and oxygen. Such hydrogen and oxygen may be employed, for example, as a fuel for powering automobiles, ships, airplanes and rockets, and for generating electricity. The system enables reduction of air pollution.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In Japan the number of automobile has sharply increased due to the high growth of the economy, and air pollution caused by automobile traffic has become a large problem. Environmental standards have been established concerning nitrogen dioxide, which is an indicator of air pollution, but the yearly average value of nitrogen dioxide has recently turned to rising trend as shown by FIG. 1 according to an investigation by The Environment Agency of the Japanese Government. In order to reduce this problem, electric automobiles have been developed to power low pollution cars. This solution is expensive, provides only short running distances per charge and results in low powered vehicles.

Using methanol to power cars results in half of the running distance than is obtained with conventional gasoline for each filling of the tank, and a supply organization for distributing methanol is not complete.

Compressed natural gas automobiles also have short running distances per charge and their total weight increases due to the necessity of mounting a gas cylinder on the vehicle.

Fuel mounting technology and safety assurance for driving hydrogen powered automobiles have not been solved yet. Gas turbine automobiles have low reliability, efficiency and reaction to acceleration and deceleration, and exhaust too much nitrogen dioxide. Sterling engines are heavy and bulky and require long starting times, and their reliability has not been confirmed. Hydrogen automobiles using electricity and diesel engines are heavy, and more study is required for controlling such engines. With gasoline Cars using LPG jointly, the cost of improvement is very expensive, and also LPG distribution is not fully available.

Many ways have been studied for decreasing the exhaust composition of air pollution from automobile engine. In accordance with one of these techniques, the combustion of diluted fuel has been tried. Such techniques generally complicate the construction of engine, in comparison with conventional engines.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to the provision of a method for reducing or eliminating air pollution by effectively extracting hydrogen from water without changing the construction of the engine. Hydrogen has such properties as wider combustion range, higher combustion speed, less ignition energy and more easily making uniform mixed gas than gasoline, and this invention contemplates. the combustion of diluted mixed gas and decreases the exhaust of nitrogen dioxide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

In order that the invention may be more clearly understood, it will now be disclosed in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the yearly change of nitrogen dioxide in the air;

FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal section of example 1;

FIG. 3 shows a side view of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 shows a side view of part of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 shows a side view of part of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 shows an enlarged view of part of FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 shows a side view of FIG. 2;

FIG. 8 shows a side view of example 2;

FIG. 9 shows a circuit diagram of example 1;

FIG. 10 shows a longitudinal section of example 3;

FIG. 11 shows a side view of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 shows a side cross section of example 4;

FIG. 13 shows a side cross section of example 5;

FIG. 14 shows a side cross section of example 6;

FIG. 15 shows a side cross section of example 7;

FIG. 16 shows a side cross section of example 8;

FIG. 17 shows a side cross section of example 9;

FIG. 18 shows a side cross section of example 1;

FIG. 19 shows a side view of example 11;

FIG. 20 shows a plane view of example 12;

FIG. 21 shows a plane view of example 13;

FIG. 22 shows a plane view of example 14;

FIG. 23 shows a plane view of example 15;

FIG. 24 is a graph showing voltage and current;

FIG. 25 shows a process diagram of example 16;

FIG. 26 is a plane view of example 17;

FIG. 27 to FIG. 44 show graphs of the examples of the invention;

27 // 28 // 29 // 30 // 31 // 32 // 33 // 34 // 35 // 36 // 37 // 38 // 39 // 40 // 41 // 42 // 43 // 44

FIG. 45 shows a side view of example 18;

FIG. 46 shows a side view of example 19;

FIG. 47 shows a side view of example 20;

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 2 shows the example of the invention wherein water 1 is supplied to an electrolytic bath 2 to be electrolyzed by electric current from a battery 3, the equipment being mounted on a car (not illustrated). Hydrogen 4 generated in the equipment is supplied together with gasoline to the engine, and generated oxygen 5 is released to the inside of the car.

An ion exchange resin layer 7 of replaceable construction is mounted in the outlet of a water tank 6, so that distilled water for electrolysis is not required, and ordinary tap water from a water faucet, etc. can be used. Water tank 6 is placed with the water level therein always higher than electrolytic bath 2, so that pressure is always applied to an electrolytic film 8 within the electrolytic bath 2. Water from the tank 6 enters from the bottom of electrolytic bath via a pipe 9. This accelerates the chemical reaction in the bath and decreases electrical consumption by heating, as described below cold water immediately after it is sent from below electrolytic bath instead of from above, in order to raise the temperature within the electrolytic battery as much as possible and by sending heated water within the electrolytic bath to keep a high temperature within the bath as much as possible, without enabling the water to flow back to water tank.

The water electrolysis method of the invention employs solid polyelectrolyte water electrolysis by polymer electrolysis, and does not need electrolytic liquid. This is one feature of the invention.

As shown in FIG. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 and also as described below, the electrolytic film in the electrolytic bath 2 is a solid polyelectrolytic film 8 having a positive electrode 10 on one side and a negative electrode 11 on the other side. The solid polyelectrolytic film 8 extends vertically and is sandwiched with apertured metal plates 12, metal nets 13 and another apertured metal plates 14 symmetrically arranged on both sides of film 8. The solid polyelectrolytic film 8 is mounted to extend vertically in order to enable it to vibrate as the car or other vehicle is moved in order to easily set hydrogen foam free, to thereby accelerate the chemical reaction, to enhance the efficiency of heating from the outside of the electrolytic bath and the efficiency of heating up interior heat generating substance by making the electrolytic film thinner, not to prevent hydrogen and oxygen from rising, and also to simplify the drain on the side of positive electrode. Electricity is applied to electrodes 10, 11 of said film 8 from power supply 15 connected to battery 3 via electric cables 16.

The solid polyelectrolytic film 8 illustrated in FIG. 7 set forth above is a cation exchange film having the following chemical formula: ##STR1##

As shown in the plan view of FIG. 3 and cross section of FIG. 7, thin film electrodes 10, 11 of porous anti-corrosive catalytic metals such as platinum of platinum group, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, etc. are applied to both sides of the electrolytic film 8.

As further shown in FIG. 7, the apertured metal plates 12 of FIG. 4 contact the electrodes 10, 11 and the layers of the metal mesh 13 of FIG. 5 are attached to the outer sides of the apertured metal plates 12. The apertured metal plates 14 of FIG. 6 are attached to the outer sides of the layers of metal mesh 13. The layers including the apertured metal plates 14, metal mesh layers 13, apertured metal plates 12, positive and negative electrodes 10. 11 and the electrolytic film 8, are fastened together with inserted packings 17 by the meshed threads 19 of an electrically insulated holder 18. The electrolytic film 8 is replaceable, if necessary, for instance every 3 years. When electricity is applied between the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 11 via the apertured metal plate 12, water 1 permeating to the electrolytic film 8 is electrolyzed, generating oxygen from the positive electrode 10 and hydrogen from the negative electrode 11. Hydrogen is supplied from the outlet pipe 20 at the upper portion of electrolytic bath 2 to an engine, etc. and oxygen is discharged to the cabin of the vehicle, via outlet pipe 21 located at the upper portion of electrodes.

Anti-corrosive materials such as plastic or titanium or material coated With fluoric resin are used for the electrolytic bath. In examples of the invention employing a 20 mm diameter electrolytic film, hydrogen was generated at 12.59 cc/minute with a voltage of 12 V and current of 2.5 A; hydrogen was generated at 9.98 cc/minute with a voltage of 12 V and current of 2.0 A; hydrogen was generated at 7.53 cc/minute at a voltage of 12 V and current of 1.5 A, hydrogen was generated at 5.00 cc/minute at a voltage of 12 V and current of 1.0 A; and hydrogen was generated at 2.42 cc/minute at a voltage of 12 V and current of 0.5 A.

In order to heat water within the electrolytic bath 2 shown in FIG. 2, a heat generating element 22 such as a rectifier, transistor, etc. in the circuit of the power supply 15 shown by FIG. 9, is coated with Teflon resin or sealed in titanium box 23, and mounted within the electrolytic bath 2. This arrangement is designed to heat water at the location of electrolysis and to simultaneously cool the heat generating parts of the power supply circuit. Especially when the electrolytic bath is made of plastics without using heat absorbing fins, as set forth later, this method is especially advantageous, since plastics cannot absorb external and in addition heat produced from heat generating interior substances is insulated by plastics to enhance the interior heating efficiency.

The space 24 for receiving hydrogen generated on the side of negative electrode and water permeating from electrolytic film can be discharged from the space 24 via drain valve 25.

Part 26 is a support to hold the system of the invention under the hood, etc. of an automotive vehicle, this support enabling substantial vibration of the electrolytic bath 2 with vibration of automobile.

FIG. 8 illustrates a side view of the arrangement of FIG. 2, showing that the electrolytic film 8 may be circular. With this arrangement, the device of the invention is compact since the water pipe 9 is arranged along the round side of the bath, and the absorption of heat from the external fins is not disturbed.

Solid polyelectrolyte water electrolysis by electrolytic film 8 and catalytic metallic electrode 10, 11 used for the system of the invention enables the attaining of high energy efficiency without using an electrolytic liquid,,and the energy system is compact and easy to handle. As shown in FIG. 2, heat absorbing fins 27 are mounted externally on the electrolytic bath 2 to absorb heat from the engine or under the hood. The fins aid in the heating of the water within the electrolytic bath 2 by a heat generating element, so that the electrolytic voltage can be reduced by 5 to 10%. In addition this enables the release of oxygen foam from the electrolytic film 8 to be accelerated by transmitting engine and car movement vibration to the electrolytic film 8, thereby enhancing the energy generating efficiency, so that extremely high energy efficiencies as 95% can be obtained.

Hydrogen coming from the pipe 20 of the system of the invention can be supplied to the suction duct of a hydrogen engine, and is also usable for conventional gasoline automobile. In this event, if the system is mounted under the hood to send hydrogen to the intake duct of the engine, under the power of the car battery, to mix hydrogen with evaporated gasoline, fuel expense can be not only saved but is also possible to reduce C0, C02, and N0 within exhaust gas. In addition, sleepiness of the driver can be prevented, thereby enhancing attention of the driver to careful driving. By discharging oxygen coming from the pipe 21 of the system of the invention to the drivers seat in order to provide oxygen to the brain of driver.

The circuit of FIG. 9, is an example of the circuit of the power supply 15 for supplying constant current from the battery 3 to the electrolytic bath 2. The battery of the automobile is usable for supplying the input to this circuit, for example a battery having a capacity of 12 VDC at 5 A can be used, and the range of input voltages for the circuit is 10-15 V.

The output of the circuit of FIG. 9 is set with range of 0 VDC, 4 A. Lamp LED 2 is lit to shut off the output current when the output voltage exceeds DC 2.8 V by increasing of the resistance resulting from long usage of the solid polyelectrolytic film, or when the input voltage has fallen to lower than DC 10 V due to consumption of the battery and the temperature of radiator exceeds 80 degrees C. Lamp LED 3 is lit when output current is supplied.

Part U-1 in the power supply circuit is a DC/DC converter to provide an output voltage of -12 V necessary to drive the op-amp.

Part 28 of the circuit is a thermal fuse which senses the temperature in the bath to shut off the output current when the temperature of element 22 rises to more than 80 degrees C.

Element 22 in the circuit is a transistor having large heat generation. The invention serves the double purpose of enhancing electrolytic efficiency to lower the voltage by raising the water temperature within electrolytic bath 2 by using the heating property of element 22, as shown by FIG. 2, and also of cooling the transistor or other element 22 at the same time.

As shown in FIG. 19, it is also possible to heat the water by attaching radiation fins 27 to the transistor and contacting the radiation fins with the metallic electrolytic bath 2 made of such metals as titanium, etc. It is also possible to heat the water by contacting the radiation fins with the outside of electrolytic bath 2 made of such metals as titanium, etc.

FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 show an example of the invention wherein heat absorbing fins 27 are mounted to extend in the direction of the diameter of electrolytic bath 2, and water pipe 9 is inserted between the heat absorbing fins 27 so as to place the heat absorbing fins 27 on the water pipe 9 itself in order to preheat the water before it enters the electrolytic bath.

FIG. 12 shows an example of the invention wherein a plurality of electrolytic films 8 are aligned in parallel to increase the generation of hydrogen. This reason for the use of a plurality of electrolytic films is explained in the following paragraphs.

Gasoline is represented by the formula C.sub.8 H.sub.16 and if the hydrogen mixing rate is 5%, the volume of hydrogen to 1 mol (112 g) of gasoline is 112.times.0.05/ (1-0.05)=5.89 g.

Since the heat generating volume at low mixtures of hydrogen and gasoline is 10,500 kcal/kg and 28,800 kcl/kg respectively, when a 5% hydrogen mixing rate is converted to heat generating volume, hydrogen becomes 5.89.times.28.8/ (5.89.times.28.8+112.times.10.5);=12.6%.

Considering a 30% heat efficiency of the engine and approximately 10 horsepower under light load (40 to 50 km/h of constant speed on city roads), heat input at 10 horsepowers (7.35 kw) of net output is 7.35/0.3=24.5 kw=24.5.times.860 kcal/h=21,070 kcal/h.

The supply calorie of hydrogen out of the 21,070 kcal/h is 0.126.times.21,070=2,655 kcal/h and that of gasoline is 21,070-2,655=18,415 kcl/h. When obtaining heat generating volume from 0.0899 kg/m3 (gas) of hydrogen’s density and 0.74 kg/l (liquid) of gasoline’s density, hydrogen is 28,800.times. 0.0899=2,589 kcal/m3 (H2 gas) and gasoline 10,500.times.0.74=7,770 kcal/m3 (gasoline). Consequently the supply volume of hydrogen and gasoline is 2,655/2,589/60=17.1 l/min and 1,841.5/7,770/60=39.5 cc/min respectively.

Assuming that one sheet of electrolytic film with a 8 cm diameter generates 50 cc/min of hydrogen, 342 sheets of the film aligned in parallel are required to supply 17.1 l/min of hydrogen to a conventional automobile engine. However, as shown in FIG. 22, in the system of the invention using a hydrogen tank 31, the number of electrolytic films as set forth above is not required, since controller 32 controls the necessary volume of hydrogen according to the condition of the engine and because, as long as the controller 32 works, hydrogen is stored in the tank to be released only when necessary.

FIG. 13 shows an example of the invention wherein a plurality of electrolytic baths are connected to a unit 31.

FIG. 14 shows an example of the invention wherein the electrolytic bath 2 is cylindrical with the electrolytic film 8 attached to its bottom. Vibration of car moves water within the electrolytic bath 2 in a vertical direction A, and power in the A direction is divided into the B direction axial of the electrolytic bath 2 and in the C direction at right angles to the axis of the electrolytic bath 2 and also in parallel with the surface of the electrolytic film 8, in order to accelerate discharging foam of hydrogen coming from electrolytic film 8 to enhance electrolytic efficiency. Heat absorbing fins 27, drain pipe 32, fixture 33, water inlet 34, ion exchange resin layer 7, hydrogen outlet 20 and oxygen outlet 21 are mounted in the electrolytic bath 2.

FIG. 15 shows an example of the invention wherein the electrolytic bath 2 is inclined and the bottom of electrolytic bath extends vertically. In this arrangement the water inlet is in an upper horizontal portion of electrolytic bath. The ion exchange resin layer and the electrolytic film are represented by the reference numerals 7 and 8 respectively. The electrolytic bath is made of non-corrosive metals such as titanium, etc. and heated semi-conductors in the power supply circuit contact the outside of electrolytic bath so that the heat of engine, etc. is transmitted through fins 27 to heat the electrolytic bath.

FIG. 16 is an example of the invention wherein the electrolytic bath, etc. are heated. Using the example of FIG. 14, heating pipe 35 is installed in the cylindrical electrolytic bath 2 to heat the water 1 by sending heat of the engine and exhaust into heating pipe 35 in order to enhance the electrolytic efficiency.

FIG. 17 shows an example of the invention wherein an electric heating wire 36 coated with Teflon resin is placed within the electrolytic bath 2 to heat water 1 by current from the automobile battery.

FIG. 18 is an example of the invention using a vertically extending tube shown in FIG. 14, wherein members 37 in the shape of trumpet horns are supported by rods 38 inserted in the water tank 1. Motion A of the water in a vertical direction due to up and down movement of car is converted to movement in the horizontal direction B to improve discharging and dispersing foam of the hydrogen gas.

FIG. 19 is an example of the invention wherein radiating fins 27 of the power supply 15 are attached along the outside wall of the electrolytic bath 2 to heat the water within the electrolytic bath 2 by heat generated from the power supply and also to cool the heat generating semi-conductors.

FIG. 20 is an example of the invention wherein the power supply 15 is fabricated on a flexible printed circuit board which is mounted around the electrolytic bath 2 to heat water within the bath and cool the power supply circuit.

FIG. 21 is an example of the invention wherein the power supply 15 is fixed on the wide bottom of the electrolytic bath 2 in the form of a cube and heat absorbing fins 27 are attached to other surfaces, so that the electrolytic efficiency can be enhanced by heat generated by the power supply and heat absorbed by fins 27 from the engine.

FIG. 22 is an example of the invention wherein the power supply 15 is mounted on a narrow longitudinal face of the electrolytic bath in the form of a rectangular parallel piped, as shown in the previous example.

FIG. 23 shows an example of the invention wherein the electrolytic bath 2 is very thin, so that the temperature of interior water is easy to raise by external heating, and the power supply 15 is set on the wide bottom of the electrolytic bath 2.

FIG. 24 shows the test results of the inventor, assuming that the abscissa and ordinate represent the necessary current and voltage and current, respectively, for electrolysis, and the curve B shows the relationship between the voltage and current when neither heat nor vibration is provided. Curve A shows the relationship in accordance with the invention upon the application of loading pressure on the electrolytic film 8 by heating and vibrating water 1 within electrolytic bath 2. This test shows that the voltage necessary for electrolysis is reduced by at least 15% and the energy efficiency is consequently enhanced.

FIG. 25 shows an example of the invention comprised of 3 main elements of the hydrogen generating apparatus, hydrogen storing apparatus and controller which have been explained with reference to FIG. 2.

The hydrogen outlet pipe 20 from the electrolytic hydrogen generating apparatus 39 driven by the battery 3 and the power supply 15 of FIG. 2 are connected to the hydrogen tank 40, where a hydrogen storage alloy 41, such as iron plus titanium or iron plus titanium plus niobium, invented by me, is filled to efficiently absorb hydrogen. As I have explained in another of my patent applications, an alloy of iron and titanium and Niobium has a hydrogen storage capacity of 6.7 times as much as a conventional hydrogen cylinder. A controller 43 for controlling the hydrogen volume is set between this hydrogen tank 40 and the engine 42. Gasoline 44 is supplied to the engine 42 via and evaporator 45. FIG. 25 also shows the system where hydrogen is supplied from the controller 43.

The hydrogen controller 42 is designed to increase and decrease the supplied volume of hydrogen as a function of the rpm of the engine or the angle (alpha) of the accelerator pedal 46.

The hydrogen generating apparatus 39 receives heat produced by the engine or exhaust from the engine or from a supply of electricity to heat the generating parts 22 of the power source and electrolytic film 8, and produces hydrogen to be stored in the hydrogen storage alloy filled hydrogen tank 40. The hydrogen storage alloy in the hydrogen tank is cooled by water 1 in order to send hydrogen to hydrogen tank by pressure for storage.

The hydrogen storage alloy filed storage tank 40 is placed close to the engine to discharge hydrogen from the metal by heat coming from engine 42. This hydrogen tank 40 is connected to the hydrogen controller 42 which is designed to shut down hydrogen when the load to engine becomes large. In other words, the controller 43 is closed and the supply of hydrogen to the engine stops or is reduced, during which period hydrogen from the hydrogen generating apparatus is stored in the hydrogen tank. The controller, when necessary, opens to send hydrogen to the engine. Therefore, in accordance with the invention, even a small hydrogen generating capacity is enough to drive the engine, so that the system may be small. A hydrogen cylinder can be used instead of the hydrogen tank 31, or can be used along with the hydrogen tank 31.

The controller 43 changes the volume of hydrogen in proportion to the size of the load, the density of mixed gas and the size of mixing ratio.

FIG. 26 is a plane figure showing an automobile 47 incorporating the system of the invention, and also illustrating the driver 48.

In order to describe the hydrogen controller 43, the test data of the example of the invention, FIG. 27 graphically shows the,relationship between the equivalent ratio of limit of hydrogen thinness .phi. and the hydrogen mixing rate f.

Hydrogen generated by this system was sent into an inlet pipe located at approximately 50 mm down from the throttle valve within the pipe or suction pipe located at approximately 150 mm up from carburetor. The stroke capacity of engine used for this experiment is 323 cc.

The equivalent ratio .phi. of hydrogen is represented by the ratio of quality and volume of oxygen necessary for complete combustion of mixed gas consisting of hydrogen and gasoline with respect to the quality and volume of oxygen within the mixed gas. The hydrogen mixing rate f is represented by comparison of quality and volume of hydrogen with quality of volume of hydrogen plus gasoline.

As clearly apparent from FIG. 27, the effect of driving capacity of thin fuel increases at lower hydrogen mixing rates and also at lower loads.

FIG. 28 shows that a thicker mixed gas is required as hydrogen in the system increases together with increases of load.

Gasoline engines can be driven only by thin mixed gas of not more than approximately 1.2 times as much as generally theoretical gas volume. Therefore the output at low driving speed is controlled by throttling the volume of both the fuel and air. However, since the driving limit of thin mixed gas is expanded when adding hydrogen by this system, it is possible to control the output by decreasing only the volume of fuel without throttling air, to decrease any damage to the pump by throttling the volume of sucked air and to enhance the heat efficiency, i.e. one of effects of the present invention.

This effect becomes more remarkable with lower output of driving with thin mixing ratio, and also the addition of hydrogen when driving with thin mixed gas makes it possible to decrease the combustibility of hydrocarbon HC, CO, etc. On the other hand, when driving with a thick mixed gas near the theoretical mixing ratio (high output driving), the effect of the addition of hydrogen is lower, and when increasing the mixing ratio of hydrogen, the output adversely lowers, leading to increase in exhaust of NOx. Consequently, the addition of hydrogen is recommended for partial load driving, and driving with gasoline only is better for high load driving.

Consequently, as explained with reference to FIG. 25, I have provided a system having a hydrogen controller 43.

The effect of mixing hydrogen into the fuel when driving with a thin gas mixture is especially effective, and the preferred hydrogen mixing rate is 5 to 10%. The smaller that the flame speed is when using a thin mixed gas of gasoline and air, the more effective flame transmission is accelerated by mixing small hydrogen with the fuel, for which the present controller is effective.

When using gasoline only, the ignition advance angle, which is referred to herein as the MBT (Minimum Advance for Best Torque) increases in proportion to the rotating speed of the engine, but the degree is reduced by mixing hydrogen with the fuel. It has been found by experiment that in the case of a high speed rotation there is a trend that the effect of mixing hydrogen is large until the hydrogen mixing rate is large.

If gasoline in a thin mixed gas at constant equivalent ratio continues to be partially replaced with hydrogen, it is possible to delay the ignition time for MBT, and the output increases when the hydrogen mixing rate is small.

When maintaining a constant rotation speed, it is possible to make the equivalent ratio substantially smaller under no-load conditions, hardly changing the ignition time for MBT together with increasing hydrogen mixing ratio. With mixed gas required by the output, the smaller its equivalent rate is, the larger the hydrogen mixing effect is.

If hydrogen is mixed with mixed gas of gasoline and air, combustion speed increases and the relationship of the hydrogen mixing rate with combustion speed shows an almost straight tendency. For instance, the regular combustion speed of thin mixed gas having a 0.7 equivalent rate at a hydrogen mixing rate of 0.2% and 10% is 20.25 cm/s and 40 cm/s respectively, having an almost straight relationship. The effect of mixing hydrogen on the combustion speed is more remarkable as the mixing rate becomes smaller, showing a logarithmic change with the mixing rate.

Hydrogen mixing accelerates the effect of increasing combustion speed, particularly by turbulence of thin mixed gas. Increase of combustion speed in turbulent flow by mixing hydrogen on the side of excessive density of hydrogen having approximately 1.3 of equivalent ratio .phi. shows an almost straight relationship as well as an increase in regular combustion speed, and hydrogen combustion speed on the side of thin density of hydrogen increases greatly by mixing approximately 2% hydrogen. The reason why the effect of turbulence on combustion speed increases greatly on the side of thin density by adding small amount of hydrogen is that the molecule dispersion coefficient of hydrogen is so extremely large that hydrogen disperses on the surface of irregular disordered combustion and selects oxygen to burn. On the basis of observations when using a burning vessel, it has been confirmed that the irregular surface of flame becomes very fine by mixing hydrogen. Consequently, when using this mixed gas, effective transmission of flame is accelerated more and more in case of thin mixed gas and of lower mixing ratio of hydrogen. Delaying MBT ignition timing is due to not only the effect of hydrogen having a high combustion speed, but also to the effect as set forth above.

The effect of the invention on the density of air pollution materials contained in engine exhaust results in making possible the driving of cars at fully low equivalent rate of NO density compared with gasoline, only by mixing hydrogen into thin mixed gas.

FIG. 29 shows the measurement of ignition time for MBT when driving by adding hydrogen to gasoline, and it is indicated that the ignition time for MBT is greatly delayed by adding a small amount of hydrogen.

FIG. 30 shows the effect on NO density when changing the ignition timing at constant rotation speed and equivalent rate by 5 degrees and 10 degrees before and after from MBT, and the effect of the invention wherein it is possible on lowering NO density by delaying the ignition timing.

FIG. 31 shows the relationship between NO density and decreasing rate of average effective pressure according to ignition delaying angle from MBT, and it indicates the effect wherein mixing hydrogen in accordance with the invention has a large effect on lowering NO density compared with the output decrease by ignition delaying angle. Furthermore, it is the effect of the invention that, when using thinner mixed gas, mixed hydrogen is also advantageous in the NO exhausting rate (g/ps.h).

FIG. 32 shows that the NO exhaust rate is decreased by increase in the value of Gh/Gg. Compared with driving with gasoline of .lambda.=1.0, when driving with .lambda.=1.3 and adding hydrogen, the NO exhaust rate is decreased to approximately 1/4.

FIG. 33 shows the indicated horsepower of ignition timing, HC within the exhaust gas, CO and the effect on NO exhaust rate. The HC exhaust rate become less with increases in the added volume of hydrogen, and it slightly increases when delaying ignition time.

The reason that HC exhaust is decreased by adding hydrogen is that the flowing volume of gasoline decreases by adding the volume of hydrogen, inasmuch as the excessive air ratio .lambda. is kept at constant level, and that combustion efficiency around the wall of combustion chamber is accelerated since the hydrogen’s lame distinguishing distance becomes small at the same time as the rise of maximum pressure. (see FIG. 42.)

The C0 exhaust rate also shows a similar tendency as the HC exhaust rate but is hardly dependable on ignition time. The NO exhaust rate sharply decreases when delaying the ignition time. The NO exhaust rate at the same ignition time increases as the value of Gh/Gg increases, since the combustion speed increases by adding hydrogen and the temperature of combustion of the gas increases.

FIG. 34 shows the fluctuation of the HC exhaust ratio when changing the excessive air ratio. When approaching the condition of discontinuing combustion, the HC exhaust ratio’is seen to sharply increase. When the excessive air ratio is increased, there is trend for the HC exhaust ratio to increase, but it is possible to protect the increase in HC exhaust by increasing the Gh/Gg value.

FIG. 35 shows the effect of changes in HC density within the exhaust by the equivalent ratio, using the hydrogen mixing rate of the invention as a parameter, and it indicates the effect of the invention that it is possible to control the increase in HC density until the thin side of mixed gas by mixing hydrogen according to the invention. This figure shows the effect of the invention that, when thin mixed gas having equivalent ratio .phi. of approximately 0.75, HC density and HC exhaust rate substantially decreased by mixing hydrogen in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 36 shows the CO exhaust rate when adding hydrogen. The absolute value of CO exhaust rate is small.

Conventional hydrogen mixing methods cannot keep the HC density at a low level when using a thinner mixed gas as shown by FIG. 35, unless a substantially large volume of hydrogen is mixed. Therefore, conventional hydrogen mixing methods cannot control the HC density to be low, whereas the method of the invention has the effect of keeping HC at its lowest level in any case, since it automatically adjusts the volume of hydrogen according to the curve shown in FIG. 35.

FIG. 37 shows an example of measurement of the CO density within the exhaust, and it indicates the effect of the invention wherein in case of thin mixed gas having equivalent ratio .phi. of less than 0.9, the CO density lowers upon mixing hydrogen according to the invention. As the mixed gas becomes thinner, it is usual for the cycle change to increase by discontinued combustion or drop of the combustion speed, but safe driving with thin mixed gas can be obtained by mixing hydrogen according to the invention, and the change in the cycle decreases.

FIG. 38 shows the distribution of the frequency of maximum pressure wherein the range of fluctuation is large when using only gasoline having equivalent ratio .phi. close to 1, but it indicates the effect that mixing hydrogen in accordance with the invention makes the range of fluctuation small. When using only hydrogen in accordance with the system of the invention, safe driving with regular dispersion can be obtained even with mixed gas close to driving limit of thin gas.

Decreasing the ratio of maximum pressure fluctuation by mixing hydrogen does not change as much by equivalent ratio, and the invention has the large effect that fluctuation decreases to almost half at 10% mixing. The lower the gas suction pressure is, the bigger fluctuation ratio is, but the effect of mixing hydrogen in accordance with the invention is also large. When using gasoline only, the fluctuation ratio does not change as much with rotation speed. At a high speed with thin gas the invention has the effect that the fluctuation ratio is greatly reduced by mixing hydrogen therein in accordance with the invention.

As a measure to stabilize driving with thin mixed gas, there is a method using simultaneous ignition at two places. The method of the invention has the same effect when using two plugs as when using a single ignition plug.

The excessive air ratio (.lambda.) when adding hydrogen to gasoline by the invention is: ##EQU1## wherein the flowing volume of air is G_a, the flowing volume of hydrogen in accordance with the invention is G_h, the flowing volume of gasoline is G_g and theoretically the combustion rate of gasoline and hydrogen added by the invention is .phi_g and phi_h.

The calorie Q (kcal/s) per unit of time of fuel supplied to the engine is:

Q=g_h G_h +g_g G_G

provided the heat generating amount of hydrogen added by the invention and gasoline per unit of volume are g.sub.h and g.sub.g, respectively.

FIG. 39 is a manometric diagram showing the development of pressure within the cylinder when changing the value of Gh/Gg while keeping the air excessive ratio .lambda. and the ignition time constant. It is seen from FIG. 39 that, when increasing the ratio of flowing volume of hydrogen and gasoline (Gh/Gg), the time from ignition until reaching maximum pressure becomes short and the maximum pressure increases. On this occasion, as seen clearly in FIG. 3, a change in supplied calories Q/Q’ is approximately 1.02 even at Gh/Gg=0.1, and it is considered that its effect hardly appears. Consequently, the difference by adding hydrogen as shown at FIG. 39 means mainly an increase in combustion speed.

FIG. 40 shows the relationship between the excessive air ratio and Gh/Gg. with ignition time for MBT, and it is apparent from FIG. 39 that if Gh/Gg is increased at the same value of excessive air ratio, the ignition time for MBT is delayed (approaching TDC). This fact agrees with the result of the manometric diagram (FIG. 39) that it is conserved for combustion speed to increase, when increasing added volume of hydrogen. In addition, the expansion of discontinued combustion limit 6 based on adding hydrogen is clear from this figure.

FIG. 41 shows the temperature of the exhaust measured approximately 150 mm below the exhaust valve using a thermoelectric couple. Since the exhaust valve is not kept perfectly warm, the absolute value is meaningless, but when compared relatively, a decrease of temperature is seen when adding hydrogen and corresponds to the tendency shown by FIG. 39. The standard deviation .sigma..sub.p and .delta..sub.p of maximum pressure within the cylinder when adding hydrogen is shown in FIG. 42. When the value of Gh/Gg is increased, both .sigma..sub.p and .delta..sub.p decrease, which means that the combustion within the cylinder has been stabilized. This phenomena is considered to be due to the large dispersion coefficient of hydrogen and to combustion characteristics as set forth previously. The indicated horse power at ignition time for MBT is shown in FIG. 43. When Gh/Gg=0, which means using gasoline only, combustion discontinuance occurs at an excessive air ratio of 1.2, and the indicated horsepower sharply f11s. When Gh/Gg=0.05, it was possible to drive until an excessive air ratio .lambda. of 1.4, but discontinuance of combustion occurred at an excessive air ratio of 1.5. When Gh/Gg=0.15, it was impossible to keep G.sub.a =3.0.times.10.sup.-3 kg/s due to the increase in the flowing volume of hydrogen. In FIG. 43, the indicated horsepower generally decreases with increase in the value of excessive air ratio, but if the supplied calories are inversely proportional to excessive air ratio .lambda. and the indicated thermal efficiency are fixed at one point FIG. 43, as shown by the chain line, and the decreasing ratio of the test result is less than this. An increase of the supplied calories by adding hydrogen is approximately 3% at Gh/Gg=0.15, and also in the case of hydrogen, a decrease in the mole number by combustion occurs, which is a contrary effect. Therefore, these influences are regarded as small. At the point obtained by experiment, there is almost no difference in Gh/Gg between 0.05 and 0.15. Consequently the reason why the experimental point comes above chain line at one point is considered to be an enhancement of the indicated heat efficiency.

FIG. 44 shows the change in indicated heat efficiency .eta..sub.i when changing Gh/Gg and the excessive air ratio. It is impossible to compare this directly with the conditions of FIG. 43 because of the different adding time, but the enhancement of indicated heat efficiency with increases in excessive air ratio is definite, except for the range of decrease in indicated heat efficiency by imperfect combustion at the time when the combustion is about to discontinue. This is why it is considered that when approaching air cycle cyan increase in excessive air ratio, thermal loss decreases upon a fall of the combustion temperature. Moreover, the theoretical thermal efficiency .eta..sub.th of the auto-cycle of air only under the conditions of this experiment is approximately 47%.

FIG. 45 illustrates an example of applying the system of the invention to an electric automobile.

Film 50 has holes and is sandwiched between two plastic film plates 51, and film 50 is fixed in box 49. The platinum plates serve as electrodes, and the air at room temperature freely enters through the hole 52. When hydrogen from the hydrogen generating apparatus 39 is supplied from hole 53 and exposed to gas mixed with oxygen within the air, one electrode produced a voltage of 1 V. If N volts are required, N electrodes are mounted in the box. Since a thin electrode, like a micro chip, has high energy efficiency, it is possible for an electrode weighing 1 kg. to produce electric power of 1 kw. Part of the electric power serves as a supply source of power supply circuit 15 for the energy system of the invention via 54, and most of the electric power is supplied to the motor 56 for driving the wheels 55 of automobile. An apparatus incorporating this film fuel battery and hydrogen generating apparatus into one unit is also contemplated by the invention.

FIG. 45 shows an example of the invention wherein fuel batteries are placed sideways (horizontally). FIG. 46 shows an example of the invention wherein fuel batteries 57 are placed longitudinally and hydrogen 4 and air 58 are fully used when rising to contact the electrodes 51.

FIG. 47 shows an example of the invention comprising an electric automobile wherein solar batteries are attached to the outside of the roof 59 and the upper side of hood 60 and trunk lid 61. The hydrogen generating apparatus 39 is fixed at the rear portion 39′ or front portion 39″ within the car, and the film batteries 57 are attached to the inside of roof 59. Electric power is obtained by supplying to the film fuel battery 57 hydrogen produced by the hydrogen apparatus 39 and by electric power generated from the solar batteries operating by sun light, together with air. The electric power together with part of electric power from solar battery 62 is supplied to the motor 56 driving the wheels 55.

The outlet pipe 20 of the system is fixed within the suction pipe of a ready-made gasoline engine to cause the following effects:

1-(1) The limit of discontinuance of combustion, with thin fuel density is increased. The invention has the effect that the equivalent ratio of the limit in driving with thin fuel can more effectively be reduced as the load decreases.

1-(2) The invention has the noticeable effect that it is possible to adequately increase combustion speed of the engine and accelerate the speed of combustion of thin mixed gas on turbulent flow under the condition that the mixed gas is thin and mixing rate is small.

1-(3) In accordance with the invention, the maximum pressure within the cylinder rises, the ignition time for MBT is delayed, the exhaust temperature falls, the drop of indicated horsepower is less when increasing the air excessive ratio, and the indicated heat efficiency is enhanced.

1-(4) The invention has the effect that, when less than an equivalent rate of 1, the NO exhaust ratio at the lag angle of ignition decreases in comparison with the case when using gasoline only, even at same equivalent rate. The NO exhaust decreases at an ignition time for MBT of 1.0 to 1.1.

1-(5) The invention has the effect that it is possible to lower the HC exhaust ratio at a rarefied area. Because of its expanded limit in discontinuance of combustion, the HC exhaust can control a sharp increase on the rarefied side of fuel. The C0 exhaust is the same as the HC exhaust. As a result of driving at an air excessive ratio equal to or exceeding 1.0, the absolute value becomes low. The HC exhaust can prevent sharp increases of HC exhaust around the discontinuance of combustion with the value of excessive air ratio.

1-(6) CO exhaust does not increase sharply around the same discontinuance of combustion as the HC exhaust. As a result of driving at an excessive air ratio equal to or exceeding 1.0, the absolute value of the CO exhaust ratio is extremely low.

1-(7) There is the effect that the cycle fluctuation ratio decreases in accordance with the invention and it decreases to approximately half at a 10% mixing ratio, resulting in an increase of the maximum pressure and a delay of MBT ignition time.

1-(8) The rising ratio of pressure within the cylinder increases by adding hydrogen and the maximum pressure increases. In addition, the MBT ignition time is delayed.

1-(9) The exhaust temperature decreases when hydrogen is added.

1-(10) It is possible to expand the limitation in discontinuance of combustion in a large range of excessive air ratios by adding hydrogen. If the excessive air ratio is increased, the indicated heat efficiency is enhanced.

1-(11) In order to decrease composition of air pollution exhausted from an automobile engine, a rarefied combustion method has been tried, but an engine for using this method is complicated in comparison with a conventional engine. The invention is an epoch making one which can realize low environmental pollution without changing the construction of conventional automobiles and engines.

1-(12) Hydrogen has a wide combustion range, high combustible speed, lower ignition energy and is adaptable to more easily making uniform mixed gas, as compared with gasoline. Therefore, the invention is an epoch making one which can realize the combustion of thin mixed gas and decreases in exhausting nitric oxide by making use of these properties.

1-(13) Since the system of the invention adequately controls the volume of hydrogen according to the size of load, thinness of mixed gas, size of mixing ratio and ignition time for MBT, it has the maximum effect on non environmental pollution and fuel saving.

1-(14) The system of the invention, when assembling a controller, hydrogen generating apparatus and hydrogen tank, can make a hydrogen generating apparatus that is smaller and lighter than usual.

1-(15) Even when using mixed gas close to limit of driving with thinned gas, safe driving similar to those when using normal distributed gas, can be obtained with the invention.

1-(16) In addition to the effects when applying the invention to conventional gasoline engine as set forth above, the invention can eliminate air pollution, especially in the use of current diesel engine trucks, particularly with respect to exhaust gas discharged when driving at low speeds within a city, without changing the construction of the diesel engine truck.

In addition to the advantages of the invention set forth above, the effect of the invention is:

1. It is possible to make an automobile driven by hydrogen only, instead of mixing the hydrogen with gasoline, i.e. an automobile driven by water.

2. In accordance with the invention it is possible to drive a motor bicycle, vessel, jet airplane, rocket (solar battery is used for power source and water is obtainable from space) and also to an operate electric power generator, aluminum refinement, furnace, iron manufacture, burner, etc. by using water.

4. Since energy that has a clean exhaust can be obtained, such problems as the exhaust gas of automobile and exhaust materials from atomic power generation do not occur.

5. A particular liquid such as an electrolytic liquid is not required and regular water is usable. Therefore, water is obtainable from water taps and there is no need of going to a gas station.

6. The energy converting ratio is as high as 95%

7. Since the system is small and light and it is also operated by battery and portable, it can be placed in small space such as under the hood of an automobile, and is usable for conveyances such as automobiles.

8. Oxygen obtained together with the hydrogen can not only improve the cabin environment of automobile, etc. but can also prevent traffic accident by preventing the sleeping of the driver and by improving the driver’s attentiveness.

9. The invention quickly takes away produced foam of hydrogen from film 8 when driving the car or engine, and also by placing the water tank 6 at a high position, and the method of connecting pipe 9 so that pressure of water on electrolytic film is increased. Therefore, permeation of water 1 into electrolytic film 11 is accelerated and the electrolytic effect is larger than publicly known.

10. Since the invention can heat water with the semi-conductors used for the power source and at the same time cool semi-conductors, it is superior in efficiency and reduces the size of the apparatus.

11. A rise in water temperature does not flow backward to the side of water tank but is concentrated on the side of electrolytic film only. Consequently, the water temperature can rise effectively with less energy.

12. It is possible for the operating voltage to be controlled to be 10% lower by increasing the water temperature.

13. Electric cars, etc. superior in efficiency can be made by the system of the invention, in combination with the film battery set forth above.

The invention has an ideal effect as a new energy source and is a revolutionary one, providing the same influence as the industrial revolution caused by James Watt’s steam locomotive.

In addition to the above, the invention may be employed with a methanol car, a solar cell car, and electric car, a CNG car, a hydrogen car, a gas turbine car, a Sterling cycle engine, a hydro car (electric+diesel), and a carjointly using LPG, etc. Variations other than mentioned above are contemplated and considered to be within the scope of the invention.

While the invention has been disclosed and described with reference to a single embodiment, it will be apparent that variations and modification may be made therein, and it is therefore intended in the following claims to cover each such variation and modification as falls within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

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US Patent # 5,178,118

Energy system for applying mixed hydrogen and gasoline to an engineYoshiro NAKAMATS

1993-01-12-1993

Classification: – international: F02M21/02; C25B1/10; F02B43/10; F02D19/08; F02M25/12; F02B1/04; F02M21/02; C25B1/00; F02B43/00; F02D19/00; F02M25/00; F02B1/00; (IPC1-7): F02M21/02; – european: F02B43/10; F02D19/08; F02M25/12

Abstract — An energy system comprises a solid polyelectrolyte film in the water bath, and a source of electric current connected to the film, for generating hydrogen. The hydrogen is mixed with gasoline in an amount, dependent upon the size of load on the engine, the thinness of the mixed gas, the size of the mixing ration, and the ignition time, to obtain the minimum time for the best torque (MBT).

As we grow in awareness, we discover just how great the Universe is and how great our Universe is inside of us and we slowly come to realize that it is all connected into one WHOLE. We then see the full glory of the omnipresence of  God.

Yogi Golle

Every single successful person will tell you that it is extremely important to be
grateful for what you have in your life.

Some people struggle with this concept because they don’t believe they have
anything to be grateful for. If you are broke or something tragic has recently
happened in your family or you just got divorced etc. it can be a little difficult to see
anything to be grateful for.

Gratitude has tremendous power, when you are genuinely grateful about something
it puts you in a different frame of mind. You feel good, you feel happy for what it is
you are grateful for. It puts a smile on your face.

When people say to me they have nothing to be grateful for I simply tell them they
should be grateful for the fact that they are alive. Life itself should not be taken for
granted.
The fact that you have the opportunity to grow, to change, to develop and succeed
is more than enough to be grateful for and we all have those things so every single
person already has something to be thankful for.
Be grateful for the present moment. Don’t try and define it as good or bad just be
grateful that you are willing to experience this moment.
You are actually very lucky because in this moment right now there are a lot of
people who are not able to experience it and there are also people for who this very
exact moment, right now, this present moment is their last.

When you start being grateful for things it starts to open up your mind to other
things that you can be grateful for and before you know it you have a whole list of
things that you are grateful for and this puts you in a very positive space.
It is good practise to be grateful for every single day. Genuinely give thanks for
every day. When you wake up in the morning give thanks for the good night’s sleep
you just had and for the day that lies ahead.
When you go to bed say thank you for the day you just had and all the good things
that were a part of it.

Start making it a habit to give at every opportunity you can. It doesn’t have to be
money it can be anything like a possession or clothes or your seat on the bus etc.
Giving is a very important part of attaining your dream life, make sure you don’t
ignore it.

It’s a magical feeling when you do something good for someone out of the kindness
of your heart and you can see how much they appreciate it.

This can be a difficult concept to grasp when you are trying to gain as much as you
can, not give it away. Giving is powerful in many ways, it makes you feel good on
the inside. It puts you in the right frame of mind and in a positive mood.

This law is always working so when you give to people you feel really
good inside yourself so you are sending out more good frequency waves and
attracting more things to feel good about.

Try it today

Although you can take it to the extreme, which is done by some, even just adding more raw food to your overall diet can be very beneficial.

The is an entire institute that has built their health care program around a raw food diet. That is how much importance they place on the raw food diet as part of their overall effectiveness of the program. They are located in Florida, USA. They also recently opened up a new location in California. Since they seem to be expanding, there must be something to this Raw Food Diet stuff

Take a look: http://www.aliveraw.com/